Transition state theory formally provides a simplifying approach for determining chemical reaction rates and pathways. Given an underlying potential energy surface for a reactive system, one can determine the dividing surface in phase space which separates reactant and product regions, and thereby also these regions. This is often a difficult task, and it is especially demanding for high-dimensional time-dependent systems or when a non-local dividing surface is required. Recently, approaches relying on Lagrangian descriptors have been successful at resolving the dividing surface in some of the…
Mean-Field Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics (MF-RPMD) is a powerful, efficient, and accurate method for approximate quantum dynamic simulations of multi-level system dynamics. Initial efforts to compute nonadiabatic reaction rates using MF-RPMD were not successful; recent work showed that this can be remedied by including a simple, if adhoc, correction term that accounts for the formation of `kinked' or mixed electronic state ring polymer configurations. Here, we build on this idea, introducing a electronic state population based reaction coordinate and novel skew dividing surface that constrai…
In a dynamical system, the transition between reactants and products is typically mediated by an energy barrier whose properties determine the corresponding pathways and rates. The latter is the flux through a dividing surface (DS) between the two corresponding regions and it is exact only if it is free of recrossings. For time-independent barriers, the DS can be attached to the top of the corresponding saddle point of the potential energy surface, and in time-dependent systems, the DS is a moving object. The precise determination of reaction rates, eg using transition state theory, requires t…
Chemical reactions induced by oscillating external fields in weak thermal environments
化学反应速率必须在外部刺激控制下进化的系统中越来越多地被确定。在这些系统中,当反应物群体通过来自随时间变化的外部场的强制而被诱导越过能垒时,反应在从反应物到产物的转化期间必须经过的过渡态不再是固定的几何结构,而是时间依赖的。对于周期性受迫模型反应,我们发展了一个附着在过渡态轨道上的无交叉分界面[T。巴奇河Hernandez和T. Uzer,Phys. Rev. Lett. 95,058301(2005)]。我们以前已经表明,对于单模正弦驱动,时变过渡态的稳定性直接决定了反应速率[G. T. Craven,T. Bartsch和R. Hernandez,J.Chem.Phys.141,041106(2014)]。在这里,我们将我们以前的工作扩展到多模驱动波形的情况。通过稳定性分析预测的速率和通过反应通量的数值计算获得的速率之间观察到极好的一致性。我们还表明,最佳分割面和由此产生的反应速率的反应系统驱动的弱热噪声可以近似使用的过渡态几何的基本确定性系统。只要热驱动强度小于周期性驱动的量级,这种一致性就持续存在。这个结果的力量在于它的简单性。在周期性场驱动的化学反应中,与时间相关的无噪声几何获得过渡态理论速率的令人惊讶的准确性揭示了动力学,而不需要蛮力计算的成本。
Reaction rates of chemical reactions under nonequilibrium conditions can be determined through the construction of the normally hyperbolic invariant manifold (NHIM) [and moving dividing surface (DS)] associated with the transition state trajectory. Here, we extend our recent methods by constructing points on the NHIM accurately even for multidimensional cases. We also advance the implementation of machine learning approaches to construct smooth versions of the NHIM from a known high-accuracy set of its points. That is, we expand on our earlier use of neural nets, and introduce the use of Gauss…
Transition state trajectory stability determines barrier crossing rates in chemical reactions induced by time-dependent oscillating fields
当化学反应由外场驱动时,系统从反应物变为产物时必须经过的过渡态--例如能垒--就变得与时间有关。我们表明,周期性强迫的势垒跨越率可以通过非自治的过渡态的稳定性分析确定。具体地说,在描述过渡态轨迹的稳定性的Floquet指数的差异之间观察到强烈的一致性,该轨迹定义了一个无重现的分割表面[G. T. Craven,T. Bartsch和R. Hernandez,Phys.Rev.E89,040801(R)(2014)],以及通过轨迹集合的模拟计算的速率。这一结果打开了直接从过渡态的固有稳定性提取速率的可能性,即使当它是时间依赖的,而不需要大量的轨迹系综的长时间动态的数值昂贵的模拟。
We extend the energetic variational approach so it can be applied to a chemical reaction system with general mass action kinetics. Our approach starts with an energy-dissipation law. We show that the chemical equilibrium is determined by the choice of the free energy and the dynamics of the chemical reaction is determined by the choice of the dissipation. This approach enables us to couple chemical reactions with other effects, such as diffusion and drift in an electric field. As an illustration, we apply our approach to a non-equilibrium reaction-diffusion system in a specific but canonical s…
Chemical reactions in multidimensional driven systems are typically described by a time-dependent rank-1 saddle associated with one reaction and several orthogonal coordinates (including the solvent bath). To investigate reactions in such systems, we develop a fast and robust method ---viz., local manifold analysis (LMA)--- for computing the instantaneous decay rate of reactants. Specifically, it computes the instantaneous decay rates along saddle-bound trajectories near the activated complex by exploiting local properties of the stable and unstable manifold associated with the normally hyperb…
Phase space structures such as dividing surfaces, normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds, their stable and unstable manifolds have been an integral part of computing quantitative results such as transition fraction, stability erosion in multi-stable mechanical systems, and reaction rates in chemical reaction dynamics. Thus, methods that can reveal their geometry in high dimensional phase space (4 or more dimensions) need to be benchmarked by comparing with known results. In this study, we assess the capability of one such method called Lagrangian descriptor for revealing the types of high dim…
The framework of transition state theory (TST) provides a powerful way for analyzing the dynamics of physical and chemical reactions. While TST has already been successfully used to obtain reaction rates for systems with a single time-dependent saddle point, multiple driven saddles have proven challenging because of their fractal-like phase space structure. This paper presents the construction of an approximately recrossing-free dividing surface based on the normally hyperbolic invariant manifold in a time-dependent two-saddle model system. Based on this, multiple methods for obtaining instant…
Ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) has proven to be an accurate approach for calculating thermal rate coefficients of various chemical reactions. For wider application of this methodology, efficient ways to generate the underlying full-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) and the corresponding energy gradients are required. Recently, we have proposed a fully automated procedure based on combining the original RPMDrate code with active learning for PES on-the-fly using moment tensor potential and successfully applied it to two representative thermally activated chemical reactions [I…
In this study, we analyze how changes in the geometry of a potential energy surface in terms of depth and flatness can affect the reaction dynamics. We formulate depth and flatness in the context of one and two degree-of-freedom (DOF) Hamiltonian normal form for the saddle-node bifurcation and quantify their influence on chemical reaction dynamics. In a recent work, García-Garrido, Naik, and Wiggins illustrated how changing the well-depth of a potential energy surface (PES) can lead to a saddle-node bifurcation. They have shown how the geometry of cylindrical manifolds associated with the rank…
The identification of meaningful reaction coordinates plays a key role in the study of complex molecular systems whose essential dynamics is characterized by rare or slow transition events. In a recent publication, precise defining characteristics of such reaction coordinates were identified and linked to the existence of a so-called transition manifold. This theory gives rise to a novel numerical method for the pointwise computation of reaction coordinates that relies on short parallel MD simulations only, but yields accurate approximation of the long time behavior of the system under conside…