The irregular reversals of wind direction in convective turbulence are found to have fluctuating intervals that can be related to critical behavior. It is shown that the net magnetization of a 2D Ising lattice of finite size fluctuates in the same way. Detrended fluctuation analysis of the wind reversal time series results in a scaling behavior that agrees with that of the Ising problem. The properties found suggest that the wind reversal phenomenon exhibits signs of self-organized criticality.
We present a fluid dynamics video which illustrates the Lagrangian aspects of local heat transfer in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection. The data are obtained from a direct numerical simulation.
We analyze the blowup (finite-time singularity) in inviscid shell models of convective turbulence. We show that the blowup exists and its internal structure undergoes a series of bifurcations under a change of shell model parameter. Various blowup structures are observed and explained, which vary from self-similar to periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic regimes. Though the blowup takes sophisticated forms, its asymptotic small-scale structure is independent of initial conditions, i.e., universal. Finally, we discuss implications of the obtained results for the open problems of blowup in invisc…
The characterization of heat and momentum fluxes in wall-bounded turbulence is of paramount importance for a plethora of applications, ranging from engineering to Earth sciences. However, how the turbulent structures associated with velocity and temperature fluctuations interact to produce the emergent flux signatures, is not evident till date. In this work, we investigate this fundamental issue by studying the switching patterns of intermittently occurring turbulent fluctuations from one state to another, a phenomenon called persistence. We discover that the persistence patterns for heat and …
Convective turbulence in a Rayleigh Benard system has shown a marked reluctance to exhibit clear scaling in the energy or entropy spectrum. The recent numerical simulation of Pandey, Verma and Mishra has shown significantly better evidence of scaling in the infinite Prandtl number limit. This prompted us to look at this limit analytically. We find that the inevitable presence of sweeping helps give a very good understanding of the results of Pandey et. al. In the presence of rotation, the Rayleigh number dependence of the Nusselt number shows a strong increase in slope in recent experiments an…
Lagrangian studies of the local temperature mixing and heat transport in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection are presented, based on three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. Contrary to vertical pair distances, the temporal growth of lateral pair distances agrees with the Richardson law, but yields a smaller Richardson constant due to correlated pair motion in plumes. Our results thus imply that Richardson dispersion is also found in anisotropic turbulence. We find that extremely large vertical accelerations appear less frequently than lateral ones and are not connected with rising or …
Constructing simpler models, either stochastic or deterministic, for exploring the phenomenon of flow reversals in fluid systems is in vogue across disciplines. Using direct numerical simulations and nonlinear time series analysis, we illustrate that the basic nature of flow reversals in convecting fluids can depend on the dimensionless parameters describing the system. Specifically, we find evidence of low-dimensional determinism in flow reversals occurring at zero Prandtl number, whereas we fail to find such signatures for reversals at infinite Prandtl number. Thus, even in a single system, …
The vectoral wind structure of daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) turbulence is strongly dependent on the balance between shear-driven turbulence production of horizontal fluctuations (driven by winds at the mesoscale), and buoyancy-driven turbulence production of vertical velocity fluctuations (driven by solar heating), characterized by the global instability state parameter $-z_i/L > 0$. In the fully shear-driven neutral limit $-z_i/L \rightarrow 0$, the surface layer is dominated by coherent streamwise-elongated concentrations of negative streamwise fluctuating velocity (low-speed str…
Large-scale intermittency is a widely observed phenomenon in convective surface layer turbulence that induces non-Gaussian temperature statistics, while such signature is not observed for velocity signals. Although approaches based on probability density functions have been used so far, those are not able to explain to what extent the signals' temporal structure impacts the statistical characteristics of the velocity and temperature fluctuations. To tackle this issue, a visibility network analysis is carried out on a field-experimental dataset from a convective atmospheric surface layer flow. …
In this paper we present a unified shell model for stably stratified and convective turbulence. Numerical simulation of this model for stably stratified flow shows Bolgiano-Obukhbov scaling in which the kinetic energy spectrum varies as $k^{-11/5}$. We also observe a dual scaling ($k^{-11/5}$ and $k^{-5/3}$) for a limited range of parameters. The shell model of convective turbulence yields Kolmogorov's spectrum. These results are consistent with the energy flux and energy feed due to buoyancy, and are in good agreement with direct numerical simulations of Kumar {\em et al.} [Phys. Rev. E {\bf …
We perform experimental study of turbulent transport of nanoparticles in convective turbulence with the Rayleigh number $\sim 10^8$ in the air flow. We measure temperature field in many locations by a temperature probe equipped with 11 E-thermocouples. Nanoparticles of the size $\sim 70$ nm in diameter are produced by Advanced Electrospray Aerosol Generator. To determine the number density of nanoparticles, we use Condensation Particle Counter. We demonstrate that the joint action of turbulent effects (which are important in the core flow) and molecular effects (which are essential near the bo…
We analyze the reversals of the large scale flow in Rayleigh-Bénard convection both through particle image velocimetry flow visualization and direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the underlying Boussinesq equations in a (quasi) two-dimensional, rectangular geometry of aspect ratio 1. For medium Prandtl number there is a diagonal large scale convection roll and two smaller secondary rolls in the two remaining corners diagonally opposing each other. These corner flow rolls play a crucial role for the large scale wind reversal: They grow in kinetic energy and thus also in size thanks to plume de…
Direct numerical simulations have been performed for turbulent thermal convection between horizontal no-slip, permeable walls with a distance $H$ and a constant temperature difference $ΔT$ at the Rayleigh number $Ra=3\times10^{3}-10^{10}$. On the no-slip wall surfaces $z=0$, $H$ the wall-normal (vertical) transpiration velocity is assumed to be proportional to the local pressure fluctuation, i.e. $w=-βp'/ρ, +βp'/ρ$ (Jiménez et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 442, 2001, pp. 89-117), and the property of the permeable wall is given by the permeability parameter $βU$ normalised with the buoyancy-induced…
Plumes in a convective flow are considered to be relevant to the turbulent transport in convection. The effective mass, momentum, and heat transports in the convective turbulence are investigated in the framework of time--space double averaging procedure, where a field quantity is decomposed into three parts: the spatiotemporal mean (spatial average of the time-averaged) field, the dispersion or coherent fluctuation, and the random or incoherent fluctuation. With this framework, turbulent correlations in the mean-field equations are divided into the dispersion/coherent and random/incoherent co…
We have found that in two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow a single spatially-localized turbulence (SLT) exists stably and travels with a constant speed on average switching the moving direction randomly and intermittently for moderate values of control parameters: Reynolds number and the flow rate. We define the coarse-grained position and velocity of an SLT and separate the motion of the SLT from its internal turbulent dynamics by introducing a co-moving frame. The switching process of an SLT represented by the coarse-grained velocity seems to be a random telegraph signal. Focusing on the asymmet…
The orientational dynamics of inertialess anisotropic particles transported by two-dimensional convective turbulent flows display a coexistence of regular and chaotic features. We numerically demonstrate that very elongated particles (rods) align preferentially with the direction of the fluid flow, i.e., horizontally close to the isothermal walls and dominantly vertically in the bulk. This behaviour is due to the the presence of a persistent large scale circulation flow structure, which induces strong shear at wall boundaries and in up/down-welling regions. The near-wall horizontal alignment o…
Many geophysical and astrophysical phenomena are driven by turbulent fluid dynamics, containing behaviors separated by tens of orders of magnitude in scale. While direct simulations have made large strides toward understanding geophysical systems, such models still inhabit modest ranges of the governing parameters that are difficult to extrapolate to planetary settings. The canonical problem of rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection provides an alternate approach - isolating the fundamental physics in a reduced setting. Theoretical studies and asymptotically-reduced simulations in rotating convec…
Thermal plumes are the energy containing eddy motions that carry heat and momentum in a convective boundary layer. The detailed understanding of their structure is of fundamental interest for a range of applications, from wall-bounded engineering flows to quantifying surface-atmosphere flux exchanges. We address the aspect of Reynolds stress anisotropy associated with the intermittent nature of heat transport in thermal plumes by performing an invariant analysis of the Reynolds stress tensor in an unstable atmospheric surface layer flow, using a field-experimental dataset. Given the intermitte…
Studying the atmospheric Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) is crucial to understand the climate of a planet. The meteorological measurements by the instruments onboard InSight at a latitude of 4.5$^{\circ}$N make a uniquely rich dataset to study the active turbulent dynamics of the daytime PBL on Mars. Here we use the high-sensitivity continuous pressure, wind, temperature measurements in the first 400 sols of InSight operations (from northern late winter to midsummer) to analyze wind gusts, convective cells and vortices in Mars' daytime PBL. We compare InSight measurements to turbulence-resolvin…
We present high-resolution direct numerical simulations of turbulent three-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection with a focus on the Lagrangian properties of the flow. The volume is a Cartesian slab with an aspect ratio of four bounded by free-slip planes at the top and bottom and with periodic side walls. The turbulence is inhomogeneous with respect to the vertical direction. This manifests in different lateral and vertical two-particle dispersion and in a dependence of the dispersion on the initial tracer position for short and intermediate times. Similar to homogeneous isotropic turbulence…
Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic simulations of shell oxygen burning (Meakin and Arnett 2007) exhibit bursty, recurrent fluctuations in turbulent kinetic energy. These are shown to be due to a global instability in the convective region, which has been suppressed in calculations of stellar evolution which use mixing-length theory (MLT). Quantitatively similar behavior occurs in the model of a convective roll (cell) of Lorenz (1963), which is known to have a strange attractor that gives rise to random fluctuations in time.An extension of the Lorenz model, which includes Kolmogorov damping an…
We study the fine-scale statistics of temperature and its derivatives in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection. Direct numerical simulations are carried out in a cylindrical cell with unit aspect ratio filled with a fluid with Prandtl number equal to 0.7 for Rayleigh numbers between 10^7 and 10^9. The probability density function of the temperature or its fluctuations is found to be always non-Gaussian. The asymmetry and strength of deviations from the Gaussian distribution are quantified as a function of the cell height. The deviations of the temperature fluctuations from the local isotropy, a…
Rayleigh--Bénard (RB) convection, the flow in a fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above, is used to analyze the transition to the geostrophic regime of thermal convection. In the geostrophic regime, which is of direct relevance to most geo- and astrophysical flows, the system is strongly rotated while maintaining a sufficiently large thermal driving to generate turbulence. We directly simulate the Navier--Stokes equations for two values of the thermal forcing, i.e. $Ra=10^{10}$ and $Ra=5\cdot10^{10}$, a constant Prandtl number~$Pr=1$, and vary the Ekman number in the range $Ek=1.3\…
Formation and evolution of turbulence in convectively unstable internal solitary waves of depression shoaling over gentle slopes in the South China Sea
Horizontally extended turbulent convection, termed mesoscale convection in natural systems, remains a challenge to investigate in both experiments and simulations. This is particularly so for very low molecular Prandtl numbers as in stellar convection and in Earth's outer core. The present study reports three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in square boxes of side length $L$ and height $H$ with the aspect ratio $Γ=L/H$ of 25, for Prandtl numbers that span almost 4 orders of magnitude, $10^{-3}\le Pr \le 7$, and Rayleigh numbers $10^5 \le Ra \le …
Persistence is defined as the probability that the local value of a fluctuating field remains at a particular state for a certain amount of time, before being switched to another state. The concept of persistence has been found to have many diverse practical applications, ranging from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to financial dynamics to distribution of time scales in turbulent flows and many more. In this study, we carry out a detailed analysis of the statistical characteristics of the persistence probability density functions (PDFs) of velocity and temperature fluctuations in the su…
To understand turbulent convection at very high Rayleigh numbers typical of natural phenomena, computational studies in slender cells are an option if the needed resources have to be optimized within available limits. However, the accompanying horizontal confinement affects some properties of the flow. Here, we explore the characteristics of turbulent fluctuations in the velocity and temperature fields in a cylindrical convection cell of aspect ratio 0.1 by varying the Prandtl number $Pr$ between 0.1 and 200 at a fixed Rayleigh number $Ra = 3 \times 10^{10}$, and find that the fluctuations wea…
We study the properties of various Eulerian contributions to fluid particle acceleration by using well-resolved direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence, with the grid resolution as high as $12288^3$ and the Taylor-scale Reynolds number $R_λ$ in the range between 140 and 1300. The variance of convective acceleration, when normalized by Kolmogorov scales, increases linearly with $R_λ$, consistent with simple theoretical arguments, but very strongly differing from phenomenological predictions of Kolmogorov's hypothesis as well as Eulerian multifractal models. The scaling of the local…
We present an investigation of the root-mean-square (rms) temperature $σ_T$ and the rms velocity $σ_w$ in the bulk of Rayleigh-Bénard turbulence, using new experimental data from the current study and experimental and numerical data from previous studies. We find that, once scaled by the convective temperature $θ_*$, the value of $σ_T$ at the cell centre is a constant, i.e. $σ_{T,c}/θ_* \approx 0.85$, over a wide range of the Rayleigh number ($10^{8}\leq Ra\leq 10^{15}$) and the Prandtl number ($0.7\leq Pr \leq 23.34$), and is independent of the surface topographies of the top and bottom plate…
We study the impact of compressibility on two-dimensional turbulent flows, such as those modeling astrophysical disks. We demonstrate that the direction of cascade undergoes continuous transition as the Mach number Ma increases, from inverse at zero Ma, to direct at infinite Ma. Thus, at Ma of order one comparable amounts of energy flow from the scale of the pumping to large and small scales, in accord with previous data. For supersonic turbulence with large Ma, the cascade is direct, as in three dimensions, which results in multifractal density field. For compressible flows of conducting flui…
The effect of precession in a rotating sphere filled with fluid was studied with direct numerical simulations, both in the incompressible hydrodynamics (HD) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) scenarios. In both cases the asymptotic state and its dependence with both rotating and precession frequency was analyzed. For the MHD case no self-sustaining dynamos were found for the prograde precession case, whereas on the other hand a critical retrograde precession frequency was found above which dynamo action is self-sustained. It was also found that these correspond to small-scale dynamos with a develo…
Turbulent flows governed by the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) generate an out-of-equilibrium time irreversible energy cascade from large to small scales. In the NSE, the energy transfer is due to the nonlinear terms that are formally symmetric under time reversal. As for the dissipative term: first it explicitly breaks time reversibility; second it produces a small-scale sink for the energy transfer that remains effective even in the limit of vanishing viscosity. As a result, it is not clear how to disentangle the time irreversibility originating from the non-equilibrium energy cascade from th…
The nonlinear dynamics of a bundle of magnetic flux ropes driven by stationary fluid motions at their endpoints is studied, by performing numerical simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The development of MHD turbulence is shown, where the system reaches a state that is characterized by the ratio between the Alfven time (the time for incompressible MHD waves to travel along the field lines) and the convective time scale of the driving motions. This ratio of time scales determines the energy spectra and the relaxation toward different regimes ranging from weak to strong turbul…
Zonal flows in rapidly-rotating celestial objects such as the Sun, gas or ice giants form in a variety of surface patterns and amplitudes. Whereas the differential rotation on the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn features a super-rotating equatorial region, the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus harbour an equatorial jet slower than the planetary rotation. Global numerical models covering the optically thick, deep-reaching and rapidly rotating convective envelopes of gas giants reproduce successfully the prograde jet at the equator. In such models, convective columns shaped by the dominant Coriolis force t…
