Weigang Sun, Changpin Li, Zhengping Fan
In this paper, we study synchronization in the delayed discrete-time complex networks. Several criterions of synchronization stability for such networks are established. And illustrative examples are presented. The numerical simulations coincide with the theoretical analysis.
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Synchronization of chaotic units coupled by their time delayed variables are investigated analytically. A new type of cooperative behavior is found: sublattice synchronization. Although the units of one sublattice are not directly coupled to each other, they completely synchronize without time delay. The chaotic trajectories of different sublattices are only weakly correlated but not related by generalized synchronization. Nevertheless, the trajectory of one sublattice is predictable from the complete trajectory of the other one. The spectra of Lyapunov exponents are calculated analytically in…
We investigate synchronization between two unidirectionally linearly coupled chaotic non-identical time-delayed systems and show that parameter mismatches are of crucial importance to achieve synchronization. We establish that independent of the relation between the delay time in the coupled systems and the coupling delay time, only retarded synchronization with the coupling delay time is obtained. We show that with parameter mismatch or without it neither complete nor anticipating synchronization occurs. We derive existence and stability conditions for the retarded synchronization manifold. W…
We report a design of delay coupling for targeting desired synchronization in delay dynamical systems. We target synchronization, antisynchronization, lag-, antilag- synchronization, amplitude death (or oscillation death) and generalized synchronization in mismatched oscillators. A scaling of the size of an attractor is made possible in different synchronization regimes. We realize a type of mixed synchronization where synchronization, antisynchronization coexist in different pairs of state variables of the coupled system. We establish the stability condition of synchronization using the Kraso…
We present an analytical investigation of exact anticipating synchronization between two bi-idirectionally coupled time-delayed systems in the case when these systems are governed by two characteristic times: the delay time in the coupling and the delay time in the coupled systems. We apply our approach to interpret the results of recent first experimental observation of anticipating chaos synchronization in external cavity semiconductor lasers with optical feedback.We establish that our approach can explain the experimental results only for special cases.
We study the synchronization of time-delayed nonidentical maps subject to unidirectional (master-slave) coupling. The individual dynamics of the maps have a delay n1, and the coupling acts with a delay n2. We show analytically that, suitably tuning the slave map parameters, two distinct synchronization regimes can occur. In one regime the lag time between the slave and the master maps is given by the delay of the coupling, n2, while in the other regime is given by the difference between the delays, n1-n2. We analyze the effect of the coupling strength on the different synchronization regimes i…
We investigate synchronization in the presence of delay time modulation for application to communication. We have observed that the robust synchronization is established by a common delay signal and its threshold is presented using Lyapunov exponents analysis. The influence of the delay time modulation in chaotic oscillators is also discussed.
For the first time, using a modified Ikeda model it is demonstrated analytically that anticipating synchronization can be obtained in chaotic time-delay systems governed by two characteristic delay times. We derive existence and stability conditions for the dual-time anticipating synchronization manifold. We also show that increased anticipation times for chaotic time-delay systems with two characteristic delay times can be obtained by the use of cascaded systems.
The chaotic spike train of a homoclinic dynamical system is self-synchronized by re-inserting a small fraction of the delayed output. Due to the sensitive nature of the homoclinic chaos to external perturbations, stabilization of very long periodic orbits is possible. On these orbits, the dynamics appears chaotic over a finite time, but then it repeats with a recurrence time that is slightly longer than the delay time. The effect, called delayed self-synchronization (DSS), displays analogies with neurodynamic events which occur in the build-up of long term memories.
The present paper explores the synchronization scenario of hyperchaotic time-delayed electronic oscillators coupled indirectly via a common environment. We show that depending upon the coupling parameters a hyperchaotic time-delayed system can show in-phase or complete synchronization, and also inverse-phase or anti-synchronization. This paper reports the first experimental confirmation of synchronization of hyperchaos in time-delayed electronic oscillators coupled indirectly through a common environment. We confirm the occurrence of in-phase and inverse-phase synchronization phenomena in the …
Networks of nonlinear units with time-delayed couplings can synchronize to a common chaotic trajectory. Although the delay time may be very large, the units can synchronize completely without time shift. For networks of coupled Bernoulli maps, analytic results are derived for the stability of the chaotic synchronization manifold. For a single delay time, chaos synchronization is related to the spectral gap of the coupling matrix. For networks with multiple delay times, analytic results are obtained from the theory of polynomials. Finally, the analytic results are compared with networks of iter…
We discuss the synchronization of coupled neurons which are modelled as FitzHugh-Nagumo systems. As smallest entity in a larger network, we focus on two diffusively coupled subsystems, which can be interpreted as two mutually interacting neural populations. Each system is prepared in the excitable regime and subject to independent random fluctuations. In order to modify their cooperative dynamics, we apply a local external stimulus in form of an extended time-delayed feedback loop that involves multiple delays weighted by a memory parameter and investigate if local control applied to a subsyst…
We report the first experimental demonstration of chaotic phase synchronization (CPS) in unidirectionally coupled time-delay systems using electronic circuits. We have also implemented experimentally an efficient methodology for characterizing CPS, namely the localized sets. Snapshots of the evolution of coupled systems and the sets as observed from the oscilloscope confirming CPS are shown experimentally. Numerical results from different approaches, namely phase differences, localized sets, changes in the largest Lyapunov exponents and the correlation of probability of recurrence ($C_{CPR}$),…
The attractor dimension at the transition to complete synchronization in a network of chaotic units with time-delayed couplings is investigated. In particular, we determine the Kaplan-Yorke dimension from the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents for iterated maps and for two coupled semiconductor lasers. We argue that the Kaplan-Yorke dimension must be discontinuous at the transition and compare it to the correlation dimension. For a system of Bernoulli maps we indeed find a jump in the correlation dimension. The magnitude of the discontinuity in the Kaplan-Yorke dimension is calculated for networks…
We study impact of multiplexing on the global phase synchronizability of different layers in the delayed coupled multiplex networks. We find that at strong couplings, the multiplexing induces the global synchronization in sparse networks. The introduction of global synchrony depends on the connection density of the layers being multiplexed, which further depends on the underlying network architecture. Moreover, multiplexing may lead to a transition from a quasi-periodic or chaotic evolution to a periodic evolution. For the periodic case, the multiplexing may lead to a change in the period of t…
We study chaotic synchronization in networks with time-delayed coupling. We introduce the notion of strong and weak chaos, distinguished by the scaling properties of the maximum Lyapunov exponent within the synchronization manifold for large delay times, and relate this to the condition for stable or unstable chaotic synchronization, respectively. In simulations of laser models and experiments with electronic circuits, we identify transitions from weak to strong and back to weak chaos upon monotonically increasing the coupling strength.
In the real world, many complex systems are represented not by single networks but rather by sets of interdependent ones. In these specific networks, nodes in one network mutually interact with nodes in other networks. This paper focuses on a simple representative case of two-layer networks (the so-called duplex networks) with unidirectional inter-layer couplings. That is, each node in one network depends on a counterpart in the other network. Accordingly, the former network is called the response layer and the latter network is the drive layer. Specifically, synchronization between each node …
Synchronization of two coupled massive oscillators in the time-delayed Kuramoto model
本文研究时滞二阶 Kuramoto 模型中两个耦合大质量振子的同步行为，发现时间延迟可导致锁相解多稳态且稳定性随惯性增加而降低，并揭示了非锁相解的周期与混沌现象。
The synchronization process of two mutually delayed coupled deterministic chaotic maps is demonstrated both analytically and numerically. The synchronization is preserved when the mutually transmitted signal is concealed by two commutative private filters that are placed on each end of the communication channel. We demonstrate that when the transmitted signal is a convolution of the truncated time delayed output signals or some powers of the delayed output signals synchronization is still maintained. The task of a passive attacker is mapped onto Hilbert's tenth problem, solving a set of nonlin…
We numerically investigate the critical behavior of the synchronization transition of two unidirectionally coupled delayed chaotic systems. We map the problem to a spatially extended system to show that the synchronization transition in delayed systems exhibits universal critical properties. We find that the synchronization transition is absorbing and generically belongs to the universality class of the bounded Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation, as occurs in the case of extended systems. We also argue that directed percolation critical behavior may emerge for systems with strong nonlinearities
Effects of synchronization in a system of two coupled oscillators with time-delayed feedback are investigated. Phase space of a system with time delay is infinite-dimensional. Thus, the picture of synchronization in such systems acquires many new features not inherent to finite-dimensional ones. A picture of oscillation modes in cases of identical and non-identical coupled oscillators is studied in detail. Periodical structure of amplitude death and "broadband synchronization" zones is investigated. Such a behavior occurs due to the resonances between different modes of the infinite-dimensiona…
The synchronization of chaotic lasers and the optical phase synchronization of light originating in multiple coupled lasers have both been extensively studied, however, the interplay between these two phenomena, especially at the network level is unexplored. Here we experimentally compare chaos synchronization of laser networks with heterogeneous coupling delay times to phase synchronization of similar networks. While chaotic lasers exhibit deterioration in synchronization as the network time delay heterogeneity increases, phase synchronization is found to be independent of heterogeneity. The …
In this letter we consider a prototype model which is described as an autonomous continuous time delayed differential equation with just one variable. The chaos has been investigated with variable delay time and the synchronization phenomenon is examined both numerically and analytically using the Krasovskii-Lyapunov functions. We have applied adaptive coupling law for synchronization,where the coupling equation also contains delay with modulated time. We also studied the effect of cryptography for this coupled system and the message extraction procedure is illustrated with the help of simulat…
Topologies of two, three and four time-delay-coupled chaotic semiconductor lasers are experimentally and theoretically found to show new types of synchronization. Shifted zero-lag synchronization is observed for two lasers separated by long distances even when their self-feedback delays are not equal. Shifted sub-lattice synchronization is observed for quadrilateral geometries while the equilateral triangle is zero-lag synchronized. Generalized zero-lag synchronization, without the limitation of precisely matched delays, opens possibilities for advanced multi-user communication protocols.
We describe a flexible and modular delayed-feedback nonlinear oscillator that is capable of generating a wide range of dynamical behaviours, from periodic oscillations to high-dimensional chaos. The oscillator uses electrooptic modulation and fibre-optic transmission, with feedback and filtering implemented through real-time digital-signal processing. We consider two such oscillators that are coupled to one another, and we identify the conditions under which they will synchronize. By examining the rates of divergence or convergence between two coupled oscillators, we quantify the maximum Lyapu…
We investigate and report an experimental confirmation of zero-lag synchronization (ZLS) in a system of three coupled time-delayed piecewise linear electronic circuits via dynamical relaying with different coupling configurations, namely mutual and subsystem coupling configurations. We have observed that when there is a feedback between the central unit (relay unit) and at least one of the outer units, ZLS occurs in the two outer units whereas the central and outer units exhibit inverse phase synchronization (IPS). We find that in the case of mutual coupling configuration ZLS occurs both in pe…
We experimentally demonstrate the occurrence of various synchronized states in coupled piece-wise linear time-delayed electronic circuits using dynamic environment coupling where the environment has its own intrinsic dynamics via feedback from the circuits. We carry out these experiments in two different coupling configurations, namely mutual and subsystem coupling configurations. Depending upon the coupling strength and the nature of feedback, we observe a transition from nonsynchronization to complete synchronization via phase synchronization and from nonsynchronization to inverse synchroniz…
We study the synchronization and stability of power grids within the Kuramoto phase oscillator model with inertia with a bimodal frequency distribution representing the generators and the loads. We identify critical nodes through solitary frequency deviations and Lyapunov vectors corresponding to unstable Lyapunov exponents. To cure dangerous deviations from synchronization we propose time-delayed feedback control, which is an efficient control concept in nonlinear dynamic systems. Different control strategies are tested and compared with respect to the minimum number of controlled nodes requi…
We experimentally observe the nonlinear dynamics of an optoelectronic time-delayed feedback loop designed for chaotic communication using commercial fiber optic links, and we simulate the system using delay differential equations. We show that synchronization of a numerical model to experimental measurements provides a new way to assimilate data and forecast the future of this time-delayed high-dimensional system. For this system, which has a feedback time delay of 22 ns, we show that one can predict the time series for up to several delay periods, when the dynamics is about 15 dimensional.
Coupled map lattices are paradigmatic models of many collective phenomena. However, quite different patterns can emerge depending on the updating scheme. While in early versions, maps were updated synchronously, there has been in recent years a concern to consider more realistic updating schemes where elements do not change all at once. Asynchronous updating schemes and the inclusion of time delays are seen as more realistic than the traditional parallel dynamics, and, in diverse works, either one or the other has been implemented separately. But are they actually distinct cases? For coupled m…
Synchronization commonly occurs in many natural and man-made systems, from neurons in the brain to cardiac cells to power grids to Josephson junction arrays. Transitions to or out of synchrony for coupled oscillators depend on several factors, such as individual frequencies, coupling, interaction time delays and network structure-function relation. Here, using a generalized Kuramoto model of time-delay coupled phase oscillators with frequency-weighted coupling, we study the stability of incoherent and coherent states and the transitions to or out of explosive (abrupt, first-order like) phase s…
Small networks of chaotic units which are coupled by their time-delayed variables, are investigated. In spite of the time delay, the units can synchronize isochronally, i.e. without time shift. Moreover, networks can not only synchronize completely, but can also split into different synchronized sublattices. These synchronization patterns are stable attractors of the network dynamics. Different networks with their associated behaviors and synchronization patterns are presented. In particular, we investigate sublattice synchronization, symmetry breaking, spreading chaotic motifs, synchronizatio…
We study the synchronization of a coupled map lattice consisting of a one-dimensional chain of logistic maps. We consider global coupling with a time-delay that takes into account the finite velocity of propagation of interactions. We recently showed that clustering occurs for weak coupling, while for strong coupling the array synchronizes into a global state where each element sees all other elements in its current, present state [Physica A {\bf 325} (2003) 186, Phys. Rev. E {\bf 67} (2003) 056219]. In this paper we study the effects of in-homogeneities, both in the individual maps, which are…
We consider small network models for mutually delay-coupled systems which typically do not exhibit stable isochronally synchronized solutions. We show that for certain coupling architectures which involve delayed self feedback to the nodes, the oscillators become isochronally synchronized. Applications are shown for both incoherent pump coupled lasers and spatio-temporal coupled fiber ring lasers.
We derive rigorous conditions for the synchronization of all-optically coupled lasers. In particular, we elucidate the role of the optical coupling phases for synchronizability by systematically discussing all possible network motifs containing two lasers with delayed coupling and feedback. Hereby we explain previous experimental findings. Further, we study larger networks and elaborate optimal conditions for chaos synchronization. We show that the relative phases between lasers can be used to optimize the effective coupling matrix.
We review our recent work on the synchronization of a network of delay-coupled maps, focusing on the interplay of the network topology and the delay times that take into account the finite velocity of propagation of interactions. We assume that the elements of the network are identical ($N$ logistic maps in the regime where the individual maps, without coupling, evolve in a chaotic orbit) and that the coupling strengths are uniform throughout the network. We show that if the delay times are sufficiently heterogeneous, for adequate coupling strength the network synchronizes in a spatially homog…
This paper describes the security weakness of a recently proposed secure communication method based on discrete-time chaos synchronization. We show that the security is compromised even without precise knowledge of the chaotic system used. We also make many suggestions to improve its security in future versions.
We have studied the discrete nonlinear Schroedinger equation (DNLSE) with on-site defects and periodic boundary conditions. When the array dynamics becomes chaotic, the otherwise quasiperiodic amplitude correlations between the oscillators are destroyed. However, we show that synchronization of symbolic information of suitable amplitude signals is possible in this hamiltonian system.
In the present Letter we show that the concept of the generalized synchronization regime in discrete maps needs refining in the same way as it has been done for the flow systems [PRE, 84 (2011) 037201]. We have shown that\alkor{, in the general case, when the relationship between state vectors of the interacting chaotic maps are considered,} the prehistory must be taken into account. We extend the phase tube approach to the systems with a discrete time coupled both unidirectionally and mutually and analyze the essence of the generalized synchronization by means of this technique. Obtained resu…
We study the synchronization of a linear array of globally coupled identical logistic maps. We consider a time-delayed coupling that takes into account the finite velocity of propagation of the interactions. We find globally synchronized states in which the elements of the array evolve along a periodic orbit of the uncoupled map, while the spatial correlation along the array is such that an individual map sees all other maps in his present, current, state. For values of the nonlinear parameter such that the uncoupled maps are chaotic, time-delayed mutual coupling suppress the chaotic behavior …
This paper presents an application of partial contraction analysis to the study of global synchronization in discrete chaotic systems. Explicit sufficient conditions on the coupling strength of networks of discrete oscillators are derived. Numerical examples and applications to simple systems are presented. Previous researches have shown numerically that the systems under study, when arranged in a network, exhibits rich and complex patterns that can dynamically change in response to variations in the environment. We show how this ``adaptation'' process strongly depends on the coupling characte…
Complete chaotic synchronization of end lasers has been observed in a line of mutually coupled, time-delayed system of three lasers, with no direct communication between the end lasers. The present paper uses ideas from generalized synchronization to explain the complete synchronization in the presence of long coupling delays, applied to a model of mutually coupled semiconductor lasers in a line. These ideas significantly simplify the analysis by casting the stability in terms of the local dynamics of each laser. The variational equations near the synchronization manifold are analyzed, and use…
Two identical chaotic oscillators that are mutually coupled via time delayed signals show very complex patterns of completely synchronized dynamics including stationary states and periodic as well as chaotic oscillations. We have experimentally observed these synchronized states in delay-coupled electronic circuits and have analyzed their stability by numerical simulations and analytical calculations. We found that the conditions for longitudinal and transversal stability largely exclude each other and prevent e.g. the synchronization of Pyragas-controlled orbits. Most striking is the observat…
We study the completely synchronized states (CSSs) of a system of coupled logistic maps as a function of three parameters: interaction strength ($\varepsilon$), range of the interaction ($α$), that can vary from first-neighbors to global coupling, and a parameter ($β$) that allows to scan continuously from non-delayed to one-time delayed dynamics. % We identify in the plane $α$-$\varepsilon$ periodic orbits, limit cycles and chaotic trajectories, and describe how these structures change with the delay. These features can be explained by studying the bifurcation diagrams of a two-dimensional no…
We consider complete synchronization of identical maps coupled through a general interaction function and in a general network topology where the edges may be directed and may carry both positive and negative weights. We define mixed transverse exponents and derive sufficient conditions for local complete synchronization. The general non-diffusive coupling scheme can lead to new synchronous behavior, in networks of identical units, that cannot be produced by single units in isolation. In particular, we show that synchronous chaos can emerge in networks of simple units. Conversely, in networks …
A method is proposed for detecting from univariate data the presence of synchronization of a self-sustained oscillator by external driving with varying frequency. The method is based on the analysis of difference between the oscillator instantaneous phases calculated using continuous wavelet transform at time moments shifted by a certain constant value relative to each other. We apply our method to a driven asymmetric van der Pol oscillator, experimental data from a driven electronic oscillator with delayed feedback and human heartbeat time series. In the latest case, the analysis of the heart…
We show that for large coupling delays the synchronizability of delay-coupled networks of identical units relates in a simple way to the spectral properties of the network topology. The master stability function used to determine stability of synchronous solutions has a universal structure in the limit of large delay: it is rotationally symmetric around the origin and increases monotonically with the radius in the complex plane. We give details of the proof of this structure and discuss the resulting universal classification of networks with respect to their synchronization properties. We illu…
In this paper, we propose a dynamic delayed feedback control approach for desynchronization of chaotic-bursting synchronous activities in an ensemble of globally coupled neuronal oscillators. We demonstrate that the difference signal between an ensemble's mean field and its time delayed state, filtered and fed back to the ensemble, can suppress the self-synchronization in the ensemble. These individual units are decoupled and stabilized at the desired desynchronized states while the stimulation signal reduces to the noise level. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by examples of two…
We explore and experimentally demonstrate the phenomena of amplitude death (AD) and the corresponding transitions through synchronized states that lead to AD in coupled {\it intrinsic time-delayed} hyperchaotic oscillators interacting through mean-field diffusion. We identify a novel synchronization transition scenario leading to AD, namely transitions among AD, generalized anticipatory synchronization (GAS), complete synchronization (CS), and generalized lag synchronization (GLS). This transition is mediated by variation of the difference of {\it intrinsic time-delays} associated with the ind…
Recent studies show indication of the effectiveness of synchronization as a data assimilation tool for small or meso-scale forecast when less number of variables are observed frequently. Our main aim here is to understand the effects of changing observational frequency and observational noise on synchronization and prediction in a low dimensional chaotic system, namely the Chua circuit model. We perform {\it identical twin experiments} in order to study synchronization using discrete-in-time observations generated from independent model run and coupled unidirectionally to the model through $x$…
Chaos synchronization may arise in networks of nonlinear units with delayed couplings. We study complete and sublattice synchronization generated by resonance of two large time delays with a specific ratio. As it is known for single delay networks, the number of synchronized sublattices is determined by the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the network loops lengths. We demonstrate analytically the GCD condition in networks of iterated Bernouilli maps with multiple delay times and complement our analytic results by numerical phase diagrams, providing parameter regions showing complete and subla…
We study a network of coupled logistic maps whose interactions occur with a certain distribution of delay times. The local dynamics is chaotic in the absence of coupling and thus the network is a paradigm of a complex system. There are two regimes of synchronization, depending on the distribution of delays: when the delays are sufficiently heterogeneous the network synchronizes on a steady-state (that is unstable for the uncoupled maps); when the delays are homogeneous, it synchronizes in a time-dependent state (that is either periodic or chaotic). Using two global indicators we quantify the s…
We consider a network of delay dynamical systems connected in a ring via unidirectional positive feedback with constant delay in coupling. For the specific case of Mackey-Glass systems on the ring topology, we capture the phenomena of amplitude death, isochronous synchronization and phase-flip bifurcation as the relevant parameters are tuned. Using linear stability analysis and master stability function approach, we predict the region of amplitude death and synchronized states respectively in the parameter space and study the nature of transitions between the different states. For a large numb…
Stability of synchronization in delay-coupled networks of identical units generally depends in a complicated way on the coupling topology. We show that for large coupling delays synchronizability relates in a simple way to the spectral properties of the network topology. The master stability function used to determine stability of synchronous solutions has a universal structure in the limit of large delay: it is rotationally symmetric around the origin and increases monotonically with the radius in the complex plane. This allows a universal classification of networks with respect to their sync…
We study anticipated synchronization in two complex Ginzburg-Landau systems coupled in a master-slave configuration. Master and slave systems are ruled by the same autonomous function, but the slave system receives the injection from the master and is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback loop. We give evidence that the magnitude of the largest anticipation time depends on the dynamical regime where the system operates (defect turbulence, phase turbulence or bichaos) and scales with the linear autocorrelation time of the system. Moreover, we find that the largest anticipation times are o…
Synchronization in networks with delayed coupling are ubiquitous in nature and play a key role in almost all fields of science including physics, biology, ecology, climatology and sociology. In general, the published works on network synchronization are based on data analysis and simulations, with little experimental verification. Here we develop and experimentally demonstrate various multi-cluster phase synchronization scenarios within coupled laser networks. Synchronization is controlled by the network connectivity in accordance to number theory, whereby the number of synchronized clusters e…
We study the synchronization of chaotic units connected through time-delayed fluctuating interactions. We focus on small-world networks of Bernoulli and Logistic units with a fixed chiral backbone. Comparing the synchronization properties of static and fluctuating networks, we find that random network alternations can enhance the synchronizability. Synchronized states appear to be maximally stable when fluctuations are much faster than the time-delay, even when the instantaneous state of the network does not allow synchronization. This enhancing effect disappears for very slow fluctuations. Fo…
Higher-order phase reduction captures delay-dependent synchronization phenomena in physical oscillator networks
该研究针对时延耦合振子，开发了高阶相位约化方法，发现二阶相位约化可捕捉时延诱导的同步，揭示了时延重塑同步的机制及常用约化相位模型的局限性。
The dynamics of one-way coupled systems with discrete time is considered. The behavior of the coupled logistic maps is compared to the dynamics of maps obtained using the Poincare sectioning procedure applied to the coupled continuous-time systems in the phase synchronization regime. The behavior (previously considered as asynchronous) of the coupled maps that appears when the complete synchronization regime is broken as the coupling parameter decreases, corresponds to the phase synchronization of flow systems, and should be considered as a synchronous regime. A quantitative measure of the deg…
In this brief, we set up the finite time stability (FnTSta) theory for dynamical systems with bounded time-varying delays via aperiodically intermittent control (AIC) and quantized control (QC). A more general QC is designed in this brief. The bound of time-varying delay is required to be less than the infimum in AIC. Two-phases-method (2PM) is applied to solve the FnTSta for delayed system, i.e., it divides the whole proof process into two phases, one phase is that the process for the norm of system error evolving from initial values to $1$, and the other is the process for the norm of system…
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