Martin Markl
We prove that strongly homotopy algebras (such as $A_\infty$, $C_\infty$, sh Lie, $B_\infty$, $G_\infty$,...) are homotopically invariant in the category of chain complexes. An important consequence is a rigorous proof that `strongly homotopy structures transfer over chain homotopy equivalences.'
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Homotopy truncations of homotopically stratified spaces
本研究在Quinn同伦分层空间框架下，采用Eckmann-Hilton意义下的对偶方法，用Postnikov逼近替换原链环构造分层空间，证明该构造还原了Gajer用于建立相交Dold-Thom定理的空间。
We characterize those planar Peano continua that are homotopy equivalent to 1-dimensional sets. While many planar Peano continua are not homotopically 1-dimensional, we prove that each has fundamental group that embeds in the fundamental group of a 1-dimensional planar Peano continuum. We leave open the following question: Is a planar Peano continuum homotopically 1- dimensional if its fundamental group is isomorphic with the fundamental group of a 1-dimensional planar Peano continuum?
In this paper we construct an infinite family of homotopically rigid spaces. These examples are then used as building blocks to forge highly connected rational spaces with prescribed finite group of self-homotopy equivalences. They are also exploited to provide highly connected inflexible and strongly chiral manifolds.
We construct a space $\mathbb{P}$ for which the canonical homomorphism $π_1(\mathbb{P},p) \rightarrow \checkπ_1(\mathbb{P},p)$ from the fundamental group to the first Čech homotopy group is not injective, although it has all of the following properties: (1) $\mathbb{P}\setminus\{p\}$ is a 2-manifold with connected non-compact boundary; (2) $\mathbb{P}$ is connected and locally path connected; (3) $\mathbb{P}$ is strongly homotopically Hausdorff; (4) $\mathbb{P}$ is homotopically path Hausdorff; (5) $\mathbb{P}$ is 1-UV$_0$; (6) $\mathbb{P}$ admits a simply connected generalized covering space …
We prove that the homotopy theory of parametrized spaces embeds fully and faithfully in the homotopy theory of simplicial presheaves, and that its essential image consists of the locally homotopically constant objects. This gives a homotopy-theoretic version of the classical identification of covering spaces with locally constant sheaves. We also prove a new version of the classical result that spaces parametrized over X are equivalent to spaces with an action of the loop space of X. This gives a homotopy-theoretic version of the correspondence between covering spaces over X and sets with an a…
We show that the homotopy groups of a connective $E_k$-ring spectrum with an $E_k$-cell attached along a class $α$ in degree $n$ are isomorphic to the homotopy groups of the cofiber of the self-map associated to $α$ through degree $2n$. Using this, we prove that the $2n-1^{st}$ homotopy groups of Ravenel's $X(n)$ spectra are cyclic for all $n$. This further implies that, after localizing at a prime, $X(n+1)$ is homotopically unique as the $E_1$-$X(n)$-algebra with homotopy groups in degree $2n-1$ killed by an $E_1$-cell. Lastly, we prove analogous theorems for a sequence of $E_k$-ring Thom spe…
We construct a category $\mathrm{HomCob}$ whose objects are {\it homotopically 1-finitely generated} topological spaces, and whose morphisms are {\it cofibrant cospans}. Given a manifold submanifold pair $(M,A)$, we prove that there exists functors into $\mathrm{HomCob}$ from the full subgroupoid of the mapping class groupoid $\mathrm{MCG}_{M}^{A}$, and from the full subgroupoid of the motion groupoid $\mathrm{Mot}_{M}^{A}$, whose objects are homotopically 1-finitely generated. We also construct a family of functors $\mathsf{Z}_G\colon \mathrm{HomCob}\to \mathbf{Vect}$, one for each finite gro…
The quasitopological fundamental group $π_{1}^{qtop}(X,x_0)$ is the fundamental group endowed with the natural quotient topology inherited from the space of based loops and is typically non-discrete when $X$ does not admit a traditional universal cover. This topologized fundamental group is an invariant of homotopy type which has the ability to distinguish weakly homotopy equivalent and shape equivalent spaces. In this paper, we clarify various relationships among topological properties of the group $π_{1}^{qtop}(X,x_0)$ and properties of the underlying space $X$ such as `$π_{1}$-shape injecti…
Homotopy coherent companionships and conjunctions
本文研究了双∞-范畴中伴侣和联结的扩展性质，并通过2-细胞表征其特征，应用于(∞,2)-范畴理论。
The embedding Chains(R) into Cochains(R) as the compactly supported cochains might lead one to expect Chains(R) to carry a nonunital commutative Frobenius algebra structure, up to a degree shift and some homotopic weakening of the axioms. We prove that under reasonable "locality" conditions, a cofibrant resolution of the dioperad controlling nonunital shifted-Frobenius algebras does act on Chains(R), and in a homotopically-unique way. But we prove that this action does not extend to a homotopy Frobenius action at the level of properads or props. This gives an example of a geometrically meaning…
We show that any homotopy Gerstenhaber algebra is naturally a strongly homotopy commutative (shc) algebra in the sense of Stasheff-Halperin with a homotopy associative structure map. In the presence of certain additional operations corresponding to a cup-1 product on the bar construction, the structure map becomes homotopy commutative, so that one obtains an shc algebra in the sense of Munkholm.
We prove that, for nice classes of infinite-dimensional smooth groups G, natural constructions in smooth topology and symplectic topology yield homotopically coherent group actions of G. This yields a bridge between infinite-dimensional smooth groups and homotopy theory. The result relies on two computations: One showing that the diffeological homotopy groups of the Milnor classifying space BG are naturally equivalent to the (continuous) homotopy groups, and a second showing that a particular strict category localizes to yield the homotopy type of BG. We then prove a result in symplectic geome…
In [math.AT/9907138] we proved that strongly homotopy algebras are homotopy invariant concepts in the category of chain complexes. Our arguments were based on the fact that strongly homotopy algebras are algebras over minimal cofibrant operads and on the principle that algebras over cofibrant operads are homotopy invariant. In our approach, algebraic models for colored operads describing diagrams of homomorphisms played an important role. The aim of this paper is to give an explicit description of these models. A possible application is an appropriate formulation of the `ideal' homological per…
The aim of this brief note is mainly to advocate our approach to homotopy algebras based on the minimal model of an operad. Our exposition is motivated by two examples which we discuss very explicitly - the example of strongly homotopy associative algebras and the example of strongly homotopy Lie algebras. We then indicate what must be proved in order to show that these homotopy algebraic structures are really `stable under a homotopy.' The paper is based on a talk given by the author on June 16, 1998, at University of Osnabrueck, Germany.
We develop a homotopy theory of $L_\infty$ algebras based on the Lawrence-Sullivan construction, a complete differential graded Lie algebra which, as we show, satisfies the necessary properties to become the right cylinder in this category. As a result, we obtain a general procedure to algebraically model the rational homotopy type of non-connected spaces.
Quillen showed how to describe the homotopy theory of simply-connected rational spaces in terms of differential graded Lie algebras. Here we survey a generalization of Quillen's results that describes the $v_n$-periodic localizations of homotopy theory (where rational corresponds to $n=0$) in terms of spectral Lie algebras. The latter form an extension of the theory of Lie algebras to the setting of stable homotopy theory. This is a chapter written for the Handbook of Homotopy Theory edited by Haynes Miller.
We define inductively a sequence of purely algebraic invariants - namely, classes in the Quillen cohomology of the Pi-algebra π_* X - for distinguishing between different homotopy types of spaces. Another sequence of such cohomology classes allows one to decide whether a given abstract Pi-algebra can be realized as the homotopy Pi-algebra of a space in the first place. The paper is written for a relatively general "resolution model category", so it also applies, for example, to rational homotopy types.
In the rational cohomology of a 1-connected space a structure of $C_{\infty}$-algebra is constructed and it is shown that this object determines the rational homotopy type
We prove that a weak equivalence between two cofibrant (colored) props in chain complexes induces a Dwyer-Kan equivalence between the simplicial localizations of the associated categories of algebras. This homotopy invariance under base change implies that the homotopy category of homotopy algebras over a prop P does not depend on the choice of a cofibrant resolution of P, and gives thus a coherence to the notion of algebra up to homotopy in this setting. The result is established more generally for algebras in combinatorial monoidal dg categories.
On sifted homotopy colimits of algebras over an $N_{\infty}$-operad
本文证明了从 $N_{\infty}$-操作代数到等变空间的遗忘函子保持筛选同调余极限。
Unstable homotopy groups and Lie algebras
本文探讨了李代数在研究不稳定同调群中的作用，总结了相关方法和贡献。
We calculate the higher homotopy groups of the Deligne-Getzler infinity-groupoid associated to a nilpotent L-infinity algebra. As an application, we present a new approach to the rational homotopy theory of mapping spaces.
On the tensor product of two homotopy Gerstenhaber algebras we construct a Hirsch algebra structure which extends the canonical dg algebra structure. Our result applies more generally to tensor products of "level 3 Hirsch algebras" and also to the Mayer-Vietoris double complex.
The algebra of higher homotopy operations
本文阐述了如何复合与相互插入[BBS2]中定义的单纯高阶不稳定同伦运算，从而构建出一种连贯但复杂的代数结构。
We construct Lie algebras of derivations (and identify their geometrical realization) whose Maurer-Cartan sets provide moduli spaces describing the classes of homotopy types of rational spaces sharing either the same homotopy Lie algebra, homology or cohomology.
We show that the homotopy theory of strict 2-categories embeds in that of $(\infty,2)$-categories in the form of 2-precomplicial sets. More precisely, we construct a nerve-categorification adjunction that is a Quillen pair between Lack's model structure for 2-categories and Riehl-Verity's model structure for 2-complicial sets. Furthermore, we show that Lack's model structure is transferred along this nerve and that the nerve is homotopically fully faithful.
We study the notion of twisting elements $da=a\cup_1a$ with respect to $\cup_1$ product when it is a part of homotopy Gerstenhaber algebra structure. This allows to bring to one context the two classical concepts, the theory of deformation of algebras of M. Gerstenhaber, and $A(\infty)$-algebras of J. Stasheff.
We prove an equivalence of categories from formal complex structures with formal holomorphic maps to homotopy algebras over a simple operad with its associated homotopy morphisms. We extend this equivalence to complex manifolds. A complex structure on a smooth manifold corresponds in this way to a family of algebras indexed by the points of the manifold.
Multi-sorted algebraic theories provide a formalism for describing various structures on spaces that are of interest in homotopy theory. The results of Badzioch and Bergner showed that an interesting feature of this formalism is the following rigidification property. Every multi-sorted algebraic theory defines a category of homotopy algebras, i.e. a category of spaces equipped with certain structure that is to some extent homotopy invariant. Each such homotopy algebra can be replaced by a weakly equivalent strict algebra which is a purely algebraic structure on a space. The equivalence between…
This is an expository article about operads in homotopy theory written as a chapter for an upcoming book. It concentrates on what the author views as the basic topics in the homotopy theory of operadic algebras: the definition of operads, the definition of algebras over operads, structural aspects of categories of algebras over operads, model structures on algebra categories, and comparison of algebra categories when changing operad or underlying category. In addition, it includes two applications of the theory: The original application to $n$-fold loop spaces, and an application to algebraic …
Let A be a geometric arrangement such that codim(x) > 1 for every x in A. We prove that, if the complement space M(A) is rationally hyperbolic, then there exists an injective from a free Lie algebra L(u,v) to the homotopy Lie algebra of M(A).
The theory of secondary chomology operations leads to a conjecture concerning the algebra of higher cohomology operations in general. This conjecture is discussed here in detail and its connection with homotopy groups of spheres and the Adams spectral sequence is described.
Primary cohomology operations, i.e., elements of the Steenrod algebra, are given by homotopy classes of maps between Eilenberg--MacLane spectra. Such maps (before taking homotopy classes) form the topological version of the Steenrod algebra. Composition of such maps is strictly linear in one variable and linear up to coherent homotopy in the other variable. To describe this structure, we introduce a hierarchy of higher distributivity laws, and prove that the topological Steenrod algebra satisfies all of them. We show that the higher distributivity laws are homotopy invariant in a suitable sens…
We show that the tensor product of two cyclic $A_\infty$-algebras is, in general, not a cyclic $A_\infty$-algebra, but an $A_\infty$-algebra with homotopy inner product. More precisely, we construct an explicit combinatorial diagonal on the pairahedra, which are contractible polytopes controlling the combinatorial structure of an $A_\infty$-algebra with homotopy inner products, and use it to define a categorically closed tensor product. A cyclic $A_\infty$-algebra can be thought of as an $A_\infty$-algebra with homotopy inner products whose higher inner products are trivial. However, the highe…
The primary algebraic model of a ring spectrum is the ring of homotopy groups. We introduce the secondary model which has the structure of a secondary analogue of a ring. This new algebraic model determines Massey products and cup-one squares. As an application we obtain new derivations of the homotopy ring.
Anick proved that every q-mild Hopf algebra up to homotopy is isomorphic to a primitively-generated chain Hopf algebra. We provide a new proof, that involves extensive use of the Bockstein spectral sequence.
We prove the existence of minimal models a la Sullivan for operads with non-trivial arity zero. So, up to homotopy algebras with strict units are just operad algebras over these minimal models. As an application we give another proof of the formality of the unitary n-little disks operad over the rationals.
This paper introduces a chain model for the Deligne-Mumford operad formed by homotopically trivializing the circle in a chain model for the framed little disks. We then show that under degeneration of the Hochschild to cyclic cohomology spectral sequence, a known action of the framed little disks on Hochschild cochains lifts to an action of this new chain model. We thus establish homotopy hyper-commutative algebra structures on both Hochschild and cyclic cochain complexes, and we interpret the gravity brackets on cyclic cohomology as obstructions to degeneration of this spectral sequence. Our …
This is my attempt to rediscover how Dennis realized that he had discovered/invented $L_\infty$-algebras a.k.a. strongly homotopy Lie algebras before my colleagues and I defined them.
We give a construction of the universal enveloping $A_\infty$ algebra of a given $L_\infty$ algebra, alternative to the already existing versions. As applications, we derive a higher homotopy algebras version of the classical Milnor-Moore theorem, proposing a new $A_\infty$ model for simply connected rational homotopy types, and uncovering a relationship between the higher order rational Whitehead products in homotopy groups and the Pontryagin-Massey products in the rational loop space homology algebra.
Lada introduced strong homotopy algebras to describe the structures on a deformation retract of an algebra in topological spaces. However, there is no satisfactory general definition of a morphism of strong homotopy (s.h.) algebras. Given a monad T on a simplicial category C, we instead show how s.h. T-algebras over C naturally form a Segal space. Given a distributive monad-comonad pair (T, S), the same is true for s.h. (T, S)-bialgebras over C; in particular this yields the homotopy theory of s.h. sheaves of s.h. rings. There are similar statements for quasi-monads and quasi-comonads. We also…
In this work we construct from ground up a homotopy theory of C*-algebras. This is achieved in parallel with the development of classical homotopy theory by first introducing an unstable model structure and second a stable model structure. The theory makes use of a full fledged import of homotopy theoretic techniques into the subject of C*-algebras. The spaces in C*-homotopy theory are certain hybrids of functors represented by C*-algebras and spaces studied in classical homotopy theory. In particular, we employ both the topological circle and the C*-algebra circle of complex-valued continuous…
Since Quillen proved his famous equivalences of homotopy categories in 1969, much work has been done towards classifying the rational homotopy types of simply connected topological places. The majority of this work has focused on rational homotopy types with the same cohomology algebra. The models in this case were differential graded algebras and acted similarly to differential forms. These models were then used together with some deformation theory to describe a moduli space for all rational homotopy types with a given cohomology algebra. Indeed, this theory has been very well developed. How…
Over a monoidal model category, under some mild assumptions, we equip the categories of colored PROPs and their algebras with projective model category structures. A Boardman-Vogt style homotopy invariance result about algebras over cofibrant colored PROPs is proved. As an example, we define homotopy topological conformal field theories and observe that such structures are homotopy invariant.
Levels of algebraicity in stable homotopy theories
该研究探讨稳定同伦理论中多种代数性概念的蕴含关系，揭示其关联的微妙性，并以 chromatic homotopy theory 的实例加以阐释。
We address the (pointed) homotopy of crossed module morphisms in modified categories of interest; which generalizes the groups and various algebraic structures. We prove that, the homotopy relation gives rise to an equivalence relation; furthermore a groupoid structure, without any restriction on neither domain nor co-domain of the crossed module morphism. Additionally, we consider the particular cases such as associative algebras, Leibniz algebras, Lie algebras and dialgebras of crossed modules of this generalized homotopy definition. Then as the main part of the paper, we prove that the func…
This paper studies the homotopy theory of algebras and homotopy algebras over an operad. It provides an exhaustive description of their higher homotopical properties using the more general notion of morphisms called infinity-morphisms. The method consists in using the operadic calculus to endow the category of coalgebras over the Koszul dual cooperad or the bar construction with a new type of model category structure, Quillen equivalent to that of algebras. We provide an explicit homotopy equivalence for infinity-morphisms, which gives a simple description of the homotopy category, and we endo…
We define homotopy group actions in terms of families of $A_\infty$ algebras indexed by a manifold M. We give explicit formulae for the $A_\infty$ morphism induced by a path on the manifold and for the $A_\infty$ homotopy corresponding to a pair of homotopic paths. Finally, we compute examples for finite groups and finitely generated free nonabelian groups and determine that every homotopy group action by a finite group is homotopic to a strict group action.
Homotopy Prefactorization Algebras
本文应用算子Koszul对偶理论为固定空间M上的预因子化代数提供有色算子的余纤维分解，从而定义同伦意义下的预因子化代数及其态射，并在有限拓扑空间和实直线等特例中加以明确。
We present a theory that produces several examples where the homotopy Lie algebra of a complex hyperplane arrangement is not finitely presented. We also present examples of hyperplane arrangements where the enveloping algebra of this Lie algebra has an irrational Hilbert series. This answers two questions of Denham and Suciu.
In this paper we apply homotopical localization to the framework of differential graded algebras over an operad. We get plus construction by performing nullification with respect to an universal acyclic algebra. This plus construction for Lie and Leibniz algebras up to homotopy yields two new homology theories for associative algebras. They are closely related to cyclic and Hochschild homologies. We also compute their first homology groups.
Universal Homotopy Theories and Associated Homological Algebras
本文针对小范畴，将其万有同伦范畴与含幺交换环上的线性阿贝尔范畴相关联，从而在该范畴中开展相应的同调代数研究。
We show that the rational homotopy type of the complement of a toric arrangement is completely determined by two sets of combinatorial data. This is obtained by introducing a differential graded algebra over Q whose minimal model is equivalent to the Sullivan minimal model of the arrangement.
The concepts of a dihedral and a reflexive module with $\infty$-simplicial faces are introduced. For each involutive $A_\infty$-algebra, the dihedral and the reflexive tensor modules with $\infty$-simplicial faces are constructed. On the basis of dihedral and reflexive modules with $\infty$-simplicial faces that defined by an involutive $A_\infty$-algebra the constructions of the dihedral and the reflexive homology of involutive $A_\infty$-algebras over any unital commutative rings are given. The conception of an involutive homotopy unital $A_\infty$-algebra is introduced. A long exact sequenc…
It is well known that the differential graded operad of A_infinity-algebras is a cofibrant replacement (a dg-resolution) of the operad of associative differential graded algebras without units. In this article we find a cofibrant replacement of the operad of associative differential graded algebras with units. Algebras over it are called homotopy unital A_infinity-algebras. We prove that the operad bimodule of A_infinity-morphisms is a cofibrant replacement of the operad bimodule of morphisms of dg-algebras without units. Similarly we show that the operad bimodule of homotopy unital A_infinity…
Generalized cohomological field theories in the higher order formalism
本文研究有限阶Δ算子的广义Batalin–Vilkovisky代数，揭示同伦平凡Δ下的新同调代数结构，提出高阶形式体系的代数结构序列属于Arnold理念中的数学“三元组”。
Homotopy chiral algebras
本文定义了同伦手性代数（HCA）的概念，即相差高阶同伦的手性代数，并证明手性代数层的Cech复形具有HCA结构。
We present a definition of homotopy algebra for an operad, and explore its consequences. The paper should be accessible to topologists, category theorists, and anyone acquainted with operads. After a review of operads and monoidal categories, the definition of homotopy algebra is given. Specifically, suppose that M is a monoidal category in which it makes sense to talk about algebras for some operad P. Then our definition says what a homotopy P-algebra in M is, provided only that some of the morphisms in M have been marked out as `homotopy equivalences'. The bulk of the paper consists of examp…
Algebraic quantum field theory and prefactorization algebra are two mathematical approaches to quantum field theory. In this monograph, using a new coend definition of the Boardman-Vogt construction of a colored operad, we define homotopy algebraic quantum field theories and homotopy prefactorization algebras and investigate their homotopy coherent structures. Homotopy coherent diagrams, homotopy inverses, A-infinity-algebras, E-infinity-algebras, and E-infinity-modules arise naturally in this context. In particular, each homotopy algebraic quantum field theory has the structure of a homotopy …
In this paper we extend Toën's derived Hall algebra construction, in which he obtains unital associative algebras from certain stable model categories, to one in which such algebras are obtained from more general stable homotopy theories, in particular stable complete Segal spaces satisfying appropriate finiteness assumptions.
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