Let $(W,S)$ be a Coxeter system, and let $X$ be a subset of $S$. The subgroup of $W$ generated by $X$ is denoted by $W_X$ and is called a parabolic subgroup. We give the precise definition of the commensurator of a subgroup in a group. In particular, the commensurator of $W_X$ in $W$ is the subgroup of $w$ in $W$ such that $wW_Xw^{-1}\cap W_X$ has finite index in both $W_X$ and $wW_Xw^{-1}$. The subgroup $W_X$ can be decomposed in the form $W_X = W_{X^0} \cdot W_{X^\infty} \simeq W_{X^0} \times W_{X^\infty}$ where $W_{X^0}$ is finite and all the irreducible components of $W_{X^\infty}$" > are infinite. Let $Y^\infty$ be the set of $t$ in $S$ such that $m_{s,t}=2$" > for all $s\in X^\infty$. We prove that the commensurator of $W_X$ is $W_{Y^\infty} \cdot W_{X^\infty} \simeq W_{Y^\infty} \times W_{X^\infty}$. In particular, the commensurator of a parabolic subgroup is a parabolic subgroup, and $W_X$ is its own commensurator if and only if $X^0=Y^\infty$.
In this paper we consider the class of 2-dimensional Artin groups with connected, large type, triangle-free defining graphs (type CLTTF). We classify these groups up to isomorphism, and describe a generating set for the automorphism group of each such Artin group. In the case where the defining graph has no separating edge or vertex we show that the Artin group is not abstractly commensurable to any other CLTTF Artin group. If, moreover, the defining graph satisfies a further `vertex rigidity' condition, then the abstract commensurator group of the Artin group is isomorphic to its automorphism…
We provide new arguments to see topological Kac-Moody groups as generalized semisimple groups over local fields: they are products of topologically simple groups and their Iwahori subgroups are the normalizers of the pro-p Sylow subgroups. We use a dynamical characterization of parabolic subgroups to prove that some countable Kac-Moody groups with Fuchsian buildings are not linear. We show for this that the linearity of a countable Kac-Moody group implies the existence of a closed embedding of the corresponding topological group in a non-Archimedean simple Lie group, thanks to a commensurator …
The aim of this note is to prove that the parabolic closure of any subset of a Coxeter group is a parabolic subgroup. To obtain that, several technical lemmas on the root system of a parabolic subgroup are established.
Suppose G is a non-free finitely generated Kleinian group without parabolics which is not a lattice and let C(G) denote the commensurator in PSL(2,C). We prove that if the limit set of G is not a round circle, then C(G) is discrete. Furthermore, G has finite index in C(G) unless G is a fiber group in which case C(G) is a lattice.
This paper studies the rigidity properties of the abstract commensurator of the outer automorphism group of a universal Coxeter group of rank $n$, which is the free product $W_n$ of $n$ copies of $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. We prove that for $n\geq 5$ the natural map $\mathrm{Out}(W_n) \to \mathrm{Comm}(\mathrm{Out}(W_n))$ is an isomorphism and that every isomorphism between finite index subgroups of $\mathrm{Out}(W_n)$ is given by a conjugation by an element of $\mathrm{Out}(W_n)$.
We prove that even Coxeter groups, whose Coxeter diagrams contain no (4,4,2) triangles, are conjugacy separable. In particular, this applies to all right-angled Coxeter groups or word hyperbolic even Coxeter groups. For an arbitrary Coxeter group W, we also study the relationship between Coxeter generating sets that give rise to the same collection of parabolic subgroups. As an application we show that if an automorphism of W preserves the conjugacy class of every sufficiently short element then it is inner. We then derive consequences for the outer automorphism groups of Coxeter groups.
The conjugacy classes of so-called special involutions parameterize the constituents of the action of a finite Coxeter group on the cohomology of the complement of its complexified hyperplane arrangement. In this note we give a short intrinsic characterisation of special involutions in terms of so-called bulky parabolic subgroups.
In this paper, we investigate boundaries of parabolic subgroups of Coxeter groups. Let $(W,S)$ be a Coxeter system and let $T$ be a subset of $S$ such that the parabolic subgroup $W_T$ is infinite. Then we show that if a certain set is quasi-dense in $W$, then $W \partialΣ(W_T,T)$ is dense in the boundary $\partialΣ(W,S)$ of the Coxeter system $(W,S)$, where $\partialΣ(W_T,T)$ is the boundary of $(W_T,T)$.
We discuss one construction of nonstandard subgroups in the category of Coxeter groups. Two formulae for the growth series of such a subgroups are given. As an application we construct a flag simple convex polytope, whose f-polynomial has non-real roots.
We improve a bound of Borcherds on the virtual cohomological dimension of the non-reflection part of the normalizer of a parabolic subgroup of a Coxeter group. Our bound is in terms of the types of the components of the corresponding Coxeter subdiagram rather than the number of nodes. A consequence is an extension of Brink's result that the non-reflection part of a reflection centralizer is free. Namely, the non-reflection part of the normalizer of parabolic subgroup of type D5 or Aodd is either free or has a free subgroup of index 2.
Despite the significance of the notion of parabolic closures in Coxeter groups of finite ranks, the parabolic closure is not guaranteed to exist as a parabolic subgroup in a general case. In this paper, first we give a concrete example to clarify that the parabolic closure of even an irreducible reflection subgroup of countable rank does not necessarily exist as a parabolic subgroup. Then we propose a generalized notion of "locally parabolic closure" by introducing a notion of "locally parabolic subgroups", which involves parabolic ones as a special case, and prove that the locally parabolic c…
The principal objects studied in this note are Coxeter groups $W$ that are neither finite nor affine. A well known result of de la Harpe asserts that such groups have exponential growth. We consider quotients of $W$ by its parabolic subgroups and by a certain class of reflection subgroups. We show that these quotients have exponential growth as well. To achieve this, we use a theorem of Dyer to construct a reflection subgroup of $W$ that is isomorphic to the universal Coxeter group on three generators. The results are all proved under the restriction that the Coxeter diagram of $W$ is simply l…
Let $W$ be an arbitrary Coxeter group, possibly of infinite rank. We describe a decomposition of the centralizer $Z_W(W_I)$ of an arbitrary parabolic subgroup $W_I$ into the center of $W_I$, a Coxeter group and a subgroup defined by a 2-cell complex. Only information about finite parabolic subgroups is required in an explicit computation. Moreover, by using our description of $Z_W(W_I)$, we reveal a further strong property of the action of the third factor on the second factor, in particular on the finite irreducible components of the second factor.
In this paper, we show that the center of every Coxeter group is finite and isomorphic to $(\Z_2)^n$ for some $n\ge 0$. Moreover, for a Coxeter system $(W,S)$, we prove that $Z(W)=Z(W_{S\setminus\tilde{S}})$ and $Z(W_{\tilde{S}})=1$, where $Z(W)$ is the center of the Coxeter group $W$ and $\tilde{S}$ is the subset of $S$ such that the parabolic subgroup $W_{\tilde{S}}$ is the {\it essential parabolic subgroup} of $(W,S)$ (i.e.\ $W_{\tilde{S}}$ is the minimum parabolic subgroup of finite index in $(W,S)$). The finiteness of the center of a Coxeter group implies that a splitting theorem holds fo…
We introduce the notion of two-dimensional Coxeter system and show that parabolic subgroups of GL_n(F_2) can be described by an appropriate two-dimensional Coxeter system.
It has been known that the centralizer $Z_W(W_I)$ of a parabolic subgroup $W_I$ of a Coxeter group $W$ is a split extension of a naturally defined reflection subgroup by a subgroup defined by a 2-cell complex $\mathcal{Y}$. In this paper, we study the structure of $Z_W(W_I)$ further and show that, if $I$ has no irreducible components of type $A_n$ with $2 \leq n < \infty$, then every element of finite irreducible components of the inner factor is fixed by a natural action of the fundamental group of $\mathcal{Y}$. This property has an application to the isomorphism problem in Coxeter groups.
Let $(A_S,S)$ be an Artin-Tits and $X$ a subset of $S$ ; denote by $A_X$ the subgroup of $A_S$ generated by $X$. When $A_S$ is of spherical type, we prove that the normalizer and the commensurator of $A_X$ in $A_S$ are equal and are the product of $A_X$ by the quasi-centralizer of $A_X$ in $A_S$. Looking to the associated monoids $A_S^+$ and $A_X^+$, we describe the quasi-centralizer of $A_X^+$ in $A_S^+$ thanks to results in Coxeter groups. These two results generalize earlier results of Paris. Finaly, we compare, in the spherical case, the normalizer of a parabolic subgroup in the Artin-Tits…
The aim of this note is to show that the cycle decomposition of elements of the symmetric group admits a quite natural formulation in the framework of dual Coxeter theory, yielding a generalization of it to the family of so-called parabolic quasi-Coxeter elements of Coxeter groups (in the symmetric group every element is a parabolic quasi-Coxeter element). We show that such an element admits an analogue of the cycle decomposition. Elements which are not in this family still admit a generalized cycle decomposition, but it is not unique in general.
We consider a cocompact discrete reflection group $W$ of a CAT(0) space $X$. Then $W$ becomes a Coxeter group. In this paper, we study an analogy between the Davis-Moussong complex $Σ(W,S)$ and the CAT(0) space $X$, and show several analogous results about the limit set of a parabolic subgroup of the Coxeter group $W$.
We show that for a parabolic quasi-Coxeter element in an affine Coxeter group the Hurwitz action on its set of reduced factorizations into a product of reflections is transitive. We call an element of the Coxeter group parabolic quasi-Coxeter element if it has a reduced factorization into a product of reflections that generate a parabolic subgroup.
One can observe that Coxeter groups and right-angled Artin groups share the same solution to the word problem. On the other hand, in his study of reflection subgroups of Coxeter groups Dyer introduces a family of groups, which we call Dyer groups, which contains both, Coxeter groups and right-angled Artin groups. We show that all Dyer groups have this solution to the word problem, we show that a group which admits such a solution belongs to a little more general family of groups that we call quasi-Dyer groups, and we show that this inclusion is strict. Then we show several results on parabolic…
We show that right-angled Coxeter groups are relatively hyperbolic in the sense defined by Farb, relative to a natural collection of rank-2 parabolic subgroups.
In this note, we provide a short and self-contained proof that the braid group on n strands acts transitively on the set of reduced factorizations of a Coxeter element in a Coxeter group of finite rank n into products of reflections. We moreover use the same argument to also show that all factorizations of an element in a parabolic subgroup of W lie as well in this parabolic subgroup.
In which it is proven that, for each parabolic quasi-Coxeter element in a finite real reflection group, the orbits of the Hurwitz action on its reflection factorizations are distinguished by the two obvious invariants
Let G be a complete Kac-Moody group over a finite field. It is known that G possesses a BN-pair structure, all of whose parabolic subgroups are open in G. We show that, conversely, every open subgroup of G is contained with finite index in some parabolic subgroup; moreover there are only finitely many such parabolic subgroups. The proof uses some new results on parabolic closures in Coxeter groups. In particular, we give conditions ensuring that the parabolic closure of the product of two elements in a Coxeter group contains the respective parabolic closures of those elements.
In a finite Coxeter group $W$ and with two given conjugacy classes of parabolic subgroups $[X]$ and $[Y]$, we count those parabolic subgroups of $W$ in $[Y]$ that are full support, while simultaneously being simple extensions (i.e., extensions by a single reflection) of some standard parabolic subgroup of $W$ in $[X]$. The enumeration is given by a product formula that depends only on the two parabolic types. Our derivation is case-free and combines a geometric interpretation of the "full support" property with a double counting argument involving Crapo's beta invariant. As a corollary, this a…
We investigate the so-called dual Matsumoto property or Hurwitz action in finite, affine and arbitrary Coxeter groups. In particular, we want to investigate how to reduce reflection factorizations and how two reflection factorizations of the same element are related to each other. We are motivated by the dual approach to Coxeter groups proposed by Bessis and the question whether there is an anlogue of the well known Matsumoto property for reflection factorizations. Our aim is a substantial understanding of the Hurwitz action. We therefore reprove uniformly results of Lewis and Reiner as well a…
The normalizer $N_W(W_J)$ of a standard parabolic subgroup $W_J$ of a finite Coxeter group $W$ splits over the parabolic subgroup with complement $N_J$ consisting of certain minimal length coset representatives of $W_J$ in $W$. In this note we show that (with the exception of a small number of cases arising from a situation in Coxeter groups of type $D_n$) the centralizer $C_W(w)$ of an element $w \in W$ is in a similar way a semidirect product of the centralizer of $w$ in a suitable small parabolic subgroup $W_J$ with complement isomorphic to the normalizer complement $N_J$.
We provide a necessary and sufficient condition on an element of a finite Coxeter group to ensure the transitivity of the Hurwitz action on its set of reduced decompositions into products of reflections. We show that this action is transitive if and only if the element is a parabolic quasi-Coxeter element, that is, if and only if it has a reduced decomposition into a product of reflections that generate a parabolic subgroup.
Oshima's Lemma describes the orbits of parabolic subgroups of irreducible finite Weyl groups on crystallographic root systems. This note generalises that result to all root systems of finite Coxeter groups, and provides a self contained proof, independent of the representation theory of semisimple complex Lie algebras.
Let $(W, S)$ be a Coxeter system. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the Coxeter diagram of $(W, S)$ for $W$ to be relatively hyperbolic with respect to a collection of finitely generated subgroups. The peripheral subgroups are necessarily parabolic subgroups (in the sense of Coxeter group theory). As an application, we present a criterion for the maximal flats of the Davis complex of $(W,S)$ to be isolated. If this is the case, then the maximal affine sub-buildings of any building of type $(W,S)$ are isolated.
Let $(W,S)$ be a Coxeter system of finite rank and let $J,K\subset S$. We study the rationality of the Poincaré series of the set of representatives of minimal length of $(W_J,W_K)$-double cosets of $W$: we conclude that it depends mostly on the rationality of the Poincaré series of the normalizers of finite parabolic subgroups of $W$. For affine Weyl groups, we prove that all these series are rational and we give some explicit examples.
For a finite Coxeter group $W$ and $w$ an element of $W$ the `excess' of $w$ is defined to be $e(w) = \min\{\ell(x) + \ell(y) - \ell(w) \; | \; w=xy, \; x^2 = y^2 = 1\}$ where $\ell$ is the length function on $W$. Here we investigate the behaviour of $e(w)$, and a related concept reflection excess, when restricted to standard parabolic subgroups of $W$. Also the set of involutions inverting $w$ is studied.
Let $W$ be a Coxeter group and $r\in W$ a reflection. If the group of order 2 generated by $r$ is the intersection of all the maximal finite subgroups of $W$ that contain it, then any isomorphism from $W$ to a Coxeter group $W'$ must take $r$ to a reflection in $W'$. The aim of this paper is to show how to determine, by inspection of the Coxeter graph, the intersection of the maximal finite sugroups containing $r$. In particular we show that the condition above is satisfied whenever $W$ is infinite and irreducible, and has the property that all rank two parabolic subgroups are finite. So in th…
We develop combinatorics of parabolic double cosets in finite Coxeter groups as a follow-up of recent articles by Billey-Konvalinka-Petersen-Slofstra-Tenner and Petersen. (1) We construct a double coset system as a generalization of a two-sided analogue of a Coxeter complex and present its order structure with its local dimension function on certain connected components. As applications of double cosets to Bruhat graphs, we also prove: (2) every parabolic double coset is regular, (3) invariance of degree on Bruhat graph on lower intervals as an analogy of the one for Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomial…
The main result of this paper describes the normalizer of a finite parabolic subgroup of a (possibly infinite) Coxeter group. We use this to compute the automorphism groups of some Lorentzian lattices and K3 surfaces.
It is well known that the normaliser of a parabolic subgroup of a finite Coxeter group is the semidirect product of the parabolic subgroup by the stabiliser of a set of simple roots. We show that a similar result holds for all finite unitary reflection groups: namely, the normaliser of a parabolic subgroup is a semidirect product and in many, but not all, cases the complement can be obtained as the stabiliser of a set of roots. In addition we record when the complement acts as a reflection group on the space of fixed points of the parabolic subgroup.
In this paper, we prove that all finitely generated malnormal subgroups of one-ended right-angled Coxeter groups are strongly quasiconvex and they are in particular quasiconvex when the ambient groups are hyperbolic. The key idea is to prove all infinite proper malnormal subgroups of one-ended right-angled Coxeter groups are join-free and then prove the strong quasiconvexity and the virtual freeness of these subgroups. We also study the subgroup divergence of join-free subgroups in right-angled Coxeter groups and compare them with the analogous subgroups in right-angled Artin groups. We charac…
This paper provides some evidence for conjectural relations between extensions of (right) weak order on Coxeter groups, closure operators on root systems, and Bruhat order. The conjecture focused upon here refines an earlier question as to whether the set of initial sections of reflection orders, ordered by inclusion, forms a complete lattice. Meet and join in weak order are described in terms of a suitable closure operator. Galois connections are defined from the power set of W to itself, under which maximal subgroups of certain groupoids correspond to certain complete meet subsemilattices of…
In this paper, we show that the boundary $\partialΣ(W,S)$ of a right-angled Coxeter system $(W,S)$ is minimal if and only if $W_{\tilde{S}}$ is irreducible, where $W_{\tilde{S}}$ is the minimum parabolic subgroup of finite index in $W$. We also provide several applications and remarks. In particular, we obtain that for a right-angled Coxeter system $(W,S)$, the set $\{w^{\infty} | w\in W, o(w)=\infty\}$ is dense in the boundary $\partialΣ(W,S)$.
We study the buildings in which parallelism of residues is an equivalence relation. If the building admits a group action, we describe how parallel residues are related to residues with equal stabilizers. This permits to retrieve the fact that in a Coxeter group or in a graph product, intersections of parabolic subgroups are parabolic.
We study cells with respect to the $p$-canonical basis of the Hecke algebra of a crystallographic Coxeter system (see arXiv:1510.01556, arXiv:1901.02323) and their compatibility with standard parabolic subgroups. We show that after induction to the surrounding bigger Coxeter group the cell module of a right $p$-cell in a standard parabolic subgroup decomposes as a direct sum of cell modules. Along the way, we state some new positivity properties of the $p$-canonical basis.
Normalisers of parabolic subgroups of Artin--Tits groups and Tits cone intersections
Departamento de Álgebra e Instituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla（塞维利亚大学代数系与数学研究所）；School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney（悉尼大学数学与统计学院）；CNRS-ANU International Research Laboratory FAMSI and Mathematical Sciences Institute, The Australian National University（法国国家科学研究中心-澳大利亚国立大学FAMSI国际研究实验室与澳大利亚国立大学数学科学研究所）
Let D be a connected graph. The Dynkin complex CD(A) of a D-algebra A was introduced by the second author in [TL2] to control the deformations of quasi-Coxeter algebra structures on A. In the present paper, we study the cohomology of this complex when A is the group algebra of a Coxeter group W and D is the Dynkin diagram of W. We compute this cohomology when W is finite and prove in particular the rigidity of quasi-Coxeter algebra structures on kW. For an arbitrary W, we compute the top cohomology group and obtain a number of additional partial results when W is affine. Our computations are c…
We follow the dual approach to Coxeter systems and show for Weyl groups a criterium which decides whether a set of reflections is generating the group depending on the root and the coroot lattice. Further we study special generating sets involving a parabolic subgroup and show that they are very tame.
A model for a finite group is a set of linear characters of subgroups that can be induced to obtain every irreducible character exactly once. A perfect model for a finite Coxeter group is a model in which the relevant subgroups are the quasiparabolic centralizers of perfect involutions. In prior work, we showed that perfect models give rise to interesting examples of $W$-graphs. Here, we classify which finite Coxeter groups have perfect models. Specifically, we prove that the irreducible finite Coxeter groups with perfect models are those of types $\mathsf{A}_{n}$, $\mathsf{B}_n$, $\mathsf{D}_…
From Trees to Tripods: Proof of $K(π,1)$ for Artin groups with $ABI$-type spherical parabolics
Instytut Matematyczny, Uniwersytet Wrocławski（弗罗茨瓦夫大学数学研究所）；Department of Mathematics, Tufts University（塔夫茨大学数学系）；Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学数学系）
We refine a conjecture by Lehrer and Solomon on the structure of the Orlik-Solomon algebra of a finite Coxeter group $W$ and relate it to the descent algebra of $W$. As a result, we claim that both the group algebra of $W$, as well as the Orlik-Solomon algebra of $W$ can be decomposed into a sum of induced one-dimensional representations of element centralizers, one for each conjugacy class of elements of $W$. We give a uniform proof of the claim for symmetric groups. In addition, we prove that a relative version of the conjecture holds for every pair $(W, W_L)$, where $W$ is arbitrary and $W_…
We study symmetries enjoyed by the polynomials enumerating non-degenerate flags in finite vector spaces, equipped with a non-degenerate alternating bilinear, hermitian or quadratic form. To this end we introduce Igusa-type rational functions encoding these polynomials and prove that they satisfy certain functional equations. Some of our results are achieved by expressing the polynomials in question in terms of what we call parabolic length functions on Coxeter groups of type $A$. While our treatment of the orthogonal case exploits combinatorial properties of integer compositions and their refi…
For right-angled Coxeter groups $W_Γ$, we obtain a condition on $Γ$ that is necessary and sufficient to ensure that $W_Γ$ is thick and thus not relatively hyperbolic. We show that Coxeter groups which are not thick all admit canonical minimal relatively hyperbolic structures; further, we show that in such a structure, the peripheral subgroups are both parabolic (in the Coxeter group-theoretic sense) and strongly algebraically thick. We exhibit a polynomial-time algorithm that decides whether a right-angled Coxeter group is thick or relatively hyperbolic. We analyze random graphs in the Erdós-R…
