We introduce an ordinal index which measures the complexity of a weakly null sequence, and show that a construction due to J. Schreier can be iterated to produce for each alpha < omega_1, a weakly null sequence (x^{alpha}_n)_n in C(omega^{omega^{alpha}})) with complexity alpha. As in the Schreier example each of these is a sequence of indicator functions which is a suppression-1 unconditional basic sequence. These sequences are used to construct Tsirelson-like spaces of large index. We also show that this new ordinal index is related to the Lavrentiev index of a Baire-1 function and use the index to sharpen some results of Alspach and Odell on averaging weakly null sequences.
It is proved that every normalized weakly null \sq\ has a sub\sq\ which is convexly unconditional. Further, an Hierarchy of summability methods is introduced and with this we give a complete classification of the complexity of weakly null \sq s.
The following dichotomy is established for a normalized weakly null sequence in a Banach space: Either every subsequence admits a convex block subsequence equivalent to the unit vector basis of c, the Banach space of null sequences under the supremum norm, or there exists a subsequence which is boundedly convexly complete. This result generalizes J. Elton's dichotomy on weakly null sequences.
We prove that if $(v_i)$ is a normalized basic sequence and X is a Banach space such that every normalized weakly null sequence in X has a subsequence that is dominated by $(v_i)$, then there exists a uniform constant $C\geq1$ such that every normalized weakly null sequence in X has a subsequence that is C-dominated by $(v_i)$. This extends a result of Knaust and Odell, who proved this for the cases in which $(v_i)$ is the standard basis for $\ell_p$ or $c_0$.
The hierarchy of the block bases of transfinite normalized averages of a normalized Schauder basic sequence is introduced and a criterion is given for a normalized weakly null sequence in C(K), the Banach space of scalar valued functions continuous on the compact metric space K, to admit a block basis of normalized averages equivalent to the unit vector basis of c_0, the Banach space of null scalar sequences. As an application of this criterion, it is shown that every normalized weakly null sequence in C(K), for countable K, admits a block basis of normalized averages equivalent to the unit ve…
We provide a generalization of two results of Knaust and Odell from \cite{KO2} and \cite{KO}. We prove that if $X$ is a Banach space and $(g_n)_{n=1}^\infty$ is a right dominant Schauder basis such that every normalized, weakly null sequence in $X$ admits a subsequence dominated by a subsequence of $(g_n)_{n=1}^\infty$, then there exists a constant $C$ such that every normalized, weakly null sequence in $X$ admits a subsequence $C$-dominated by a subsequence of $(g_n)_{n=1}^\infty$. We also prove that if every spreading model generated by a normalized, weakly null sequence in $X$ is dominated …
We introduce and explore a new property related to reflexivity that plays an important role in the characterization of norm attaining operators. We also present an application to the theory of compact perturbations of linear operators and characterize norm attaining scalar-valued continuous $2$-homogeneous polynomials on $\ell_{2}$.
Two applications of Nash-Williams' theory of barriers to sequences on Banach spaces are presented: The first one is the $c_0$-saturation of $C(K)$, $K$ countable compacta. The second one is the construction of weakly-null sequences generalizing the example of Maurey-Rosenthal.
In this paper we show that every sequence (F_n) of finite dimensional subspaces of a real or complex Banach space with increasing dimensions can be ``refined'' to yield an F.D.D. (G_n), still having increasing dimensions, so that either every bounded sequence (x_n), with x_n in G_n for n in N, is weakly null, or every normalized sequence (x_n), with x_n in G_n for n in N, is equivalent to the unit vector basis of l_1. Crucial to the proof are two stabilization results concerning Lipschitz functions on finite dimensional normed spaces. These results also lead to other applications. We show, for…
We prove that, unless assuming additional set theoretical axioms, there are no reflexive space without unconditional sequences of density the continuum. We give for every integer $n$ there are normalized weakly-null sequences of length $\om_n$ without unconditional subsequences. This together with a result of \cite{Do-Lo-To} shows that $\om_ω$ is the minimal cardinal $κ$ that could possibly have the property that every weakly null $κ$-sequence has an infinite unconditional basic subsequence . We also prove that for every cardinal number $\ka$ which is smaller than the first $\om$-Erdös cardina…
We discuss optimal constants of certain projections on subsequences of weakly null sequences. Positive results yield constants arbitrarily close to $1$ for Schreier type projections, and arbitrarily close to $1$ for Elton type projections under the assumption that the weakly null sequence admits no subsequence generating a $c_0$ spreading model. As an application, we prove that a weakly null sequence admitting a spreading model not equivalent to the $c_0$ basis has a quasi-greedy subsequence with quasi-greedy constant arbitrarily close to $1$.
We introduce two new local l_1-indices of the same type as the Bourgain l_1 index; the l_1^+-index and the l_1^+-weakly null index. We show that the l_1^+-weakly null index of a Banach space X is the same as the Szlenk index of X, provided X does not contain l_1. The l_1^+-weakly null index has the same form as the Bourgain l_1 index: if it is countable it must take values omega^alpha for some alpha<omega_1. The different l_1-indices are closely related and so knowing the Szlenk index of a Banach space helps us calculate its local l_1-index, via the l_1^+-weakly null index. We show that I(C(om…
A sequence $\{f_n\}$ of strongly-measurable functions taking values in a Banach space $\X$ is scalarly null aė\. (resp. scalarly null in measure) if $x^*f_n \rightarrow0$ aė\. (resp. $x^*f_n \rightarrow 0$ in measure) for every $x^*\in \X^*$. Let $1\le p\le \infty$. The main questions addressed in this paper are whether an $L_p(\X)$-bounded sequence that is scalarly null aė\. will converge weakly aė\. (or have a subsequence which converges weakly aė\.), and whether an $L_p(\X)$-bounded sequence that is scalarly null in measure will have a subsequence that is scalarly null aė. The answers to th…
We prove that there exist weakly countably determined spaces of complexity higher than coanalytic. On the other hand, we also show that coanalytic sets can be characterized by the existence of a cofinal adequate family of closed sets. Therefore the Banach spaces constructed by means of these families have at most coanalytic complexity.
First we adjust a technique due to Jiménez-Rodríguez to prove the complete latticeability of the set of disjoint non-norm null weakly null sequences and of the set of disjoint non-norm null regular-polynomially null sequences in Banach lattices. Then we apply the mother vector technique to prove the complete latticeability of $λ_π(E) \setminus λ_s(E)$, which implies the complete latticeability of $(\ell_p\widehat{\otimes}_{|π|}E)\setminus(\ell_p\widehat{\otimes}_πE)$, where $E$ is a Banach lattice and $1 < p < \infty$.
We prove that if $X$ is a subspace of $L_p$ $(2<p<\infty)$, then either $X$ embeds isomorphically into $\ell_p \oplus \ell_2$ or $X$ contains a subspace $Y,$ which is isomorphic to $\ell_p(\ell_2)$. We also give an intrinsic characterization of when $X$ embeds into $\ell_p \oplus \ell_2$ in terms of weakly null trees in $X$ or, equivalently, in terms of the "infinite asymptotic game" played in $X$. This solves problems concerning small subspaces of $L_p$ originating in the 1970's. The techniques used were developed over several decades, the most recent being that of weakly null trees developed…
The main result of the paper shows that, for 1<p and 1<=q, a linear operator T from l_p to l_q attains its norm if, and only if, there exists a not weakly null maximizing sequence for T (counterexamples can be easily constructed when p=1). For 1<p (and q different from p), as a consequence of the previous result we show that any not weakly null maximizing sequence for a norm attaining operator T from l_p to l_q has a norm-convergent subsequence (and this result is sharp in the sense that it is not valid if p=q). We also investigate lineability of the sets of norm-attaining and non-norm attaini…
In the first part of the paper we study the structure of Banach spaces with a conditional spreading basis. The geometry of such spaces exhibit a striking resemblance to the geometry of James' space. Further, we show that the averaging projections onto subspaces spanned by constant coefficient blocks with no gaps between supports are bounded. As a consequence, every Banach space with a spreading basis contains a complemented subspace with an unconditional basis. This gives an affirmative answer to a question of H. Rosenthal. The second part contains two results on Banach spaces $X$ whose asympt…
For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ a Banach space $\mathfrak{X}_{0,1}^n$ is constructed is having the property that every normalized weakly null sequence generates either a $c_0$ or $\ell_1$ spreading models and every infinite dimensional subspace has weakly null sequences generating both $c_0$ and $\ell_1$ spreading models. The space $\mathfrak{X}_{0,1}^n$ is also quasiminimal and for every infinite dimensional closed subspace $Y$ of $\mathfrak{X}_{0,1}^n$, for every $S_1,S_2,\ldots,S_{n+1}$ strictly singular operators on $Y$, the operator $S_1S_2\cdots S_{n+1}$ is compact. Moreover, for every subsp…
A Banach space $X$ has \textit{property $(K)$}, whenever every weak* null sequence in the dual space admits a convex block subsequence $(f_{n})_{n=1}^\infty$ so that $\langle f_{n},x_{n}\rangle\to 0$ as $n\to \infty$ for every weakly null sequence $(x_{n})_{n=1}^\infty$ in $X$; $X$ has \textit{property $(μ^{s})$} if every weak$^{*}$ null sequence in $X^{*}$ admits a subsequence so that all of its subsequences are Cesàro convergent to $0$ with respect to the Mackey topology. Both property $(μ^{s})$ and reflexivity (or even the Grothendieck property) imply property $(K)$. In the present paper we…
Let $(x_n)$ be a normalized weakly null sequence in a Banach space and let $\varep>0$. We show that there exists a subsequence $(y_n)$ with the following property: $$\hbox{ if }\ (a_i)\subseteq \IR\ \hbox{ and }\ F\subseteq \nat$$ satisfies $\min F\le |F|$ then $$\big\|\sum_{i\in F} a_i y_i\big\| \le (2+\varep) \big\| \sum a_iy_i\big\|\ . $$
We exhibit a singly generated, semisimple commutative operator algebra with a contractive approximate identity, such that the spectrum of the generator is a null sequence and zero, but the algebra is not the closed linear span of the idempotents associated with the null sequence and obtained from the analytic functional calculus. Moreover the multiplication on the algebra is neither compact nor weakly compact. Thus we construct a `large' operator algebra of orthogonal idempotents, which may be viewed as a dense subalgebra of c0.
