In this paper we investigate an M/M/$\infty$ queue whose parameters depend on an external random environment that we assume to be a semi-Markovian process with finite state space. For this model we show a recursive formula that allows to compute all the factorial moments for the number of customers in the system in steady state. The used technique is based on the calculation of the raw moments of the measure of a bidimensional random set. Finally the case when the random environment has only two states is deeper analyzed. We obtain an explicit formula to compute the above mentioned factorial moments when at least one of the two states has sojourn time exponentially distributed.
In this paper, we deal with a two-queue polling system attended by a single server. The server visits the queues according to a Markovian routing mechnism. There are two-class customers in the first queue. Customers of each queue are served in the exhaustive discipline. For this model, we study the joint number of customers, the cycle time and the waiting times. we are also devoted to deriving the exact asymptotics for the scaled delay in the heavy-traffic scenario. In addition, the scaled delays with large switch-over times are discussed for the first time in the Markovian polling systems. Fi…
This paper considers a work-conserving FIFO single-server queue with multiple batch Markovian arrival streams governed by a continuous-time finite-state Markov chain. A particular feature of this queue is that service time distributions of customers may be different for different arrival streams. After briefly discussing the actual waiting time distributions of customers from respective arrival streams, we derive a formula for the vector generating function of the time-average joint queue length distribution in terms of the virtual waiting time distribution. Further assuming the discrete phase…
We consider an $M/M/1$ queueing system with impatient customers with multiple and single vacations. It is assumed that customers are impatient whenever the state of the server. We derive the probability generating functions of the number of customers in the system and we obtain some performance measures.
We consider a Markovian queue subject to Poisson generated catastrophes. Whenever a catastrophe occurs, all customers are forced to abandon the system, the server is rendered inoperative and an exponential repair time is set on. We assume that the arriving customers decide whether to join the system or balk, based on a natural reward-cost structure. We study the balking behavior of the customers and derive the corresponding Nash equilibrium strategies.
Queueing systems with batch Markovian arrival process (BMAP) have paramount applications in the domain of wireless communication. The BMAP has been used to model the superposition of video sources and to approximate the super-position of data, voice and video traffic. This paper analyzes an infinite-buffer generally distributed batch-service queue with BMAP, general bulk service ($a,b$) rule and batch-size-dependent service time. In this proposed analysis, we mainly focus on deriving the bivariate vector generating function of queue and server content distribution together at departure epoch u…
An infinite buffer batch service vacation queue has been studied where service rate of the batch is dependent on the size of the batch and vacation rate is dependent on the queue size at vacation initiation epoch. The arrivals follow the Markovian arrival process (MAP). For service rule, general bulk service (GBS) rule is considered. The service time and vacation time both are considered to be generally distributed. Several joint distributions of interest are obtained using the bivariate vector generating function method and the supplementary variable technique (SVT). Numerical results are pre…
We consider a finite population processor-sharing (PS) queue, with Markovian arrivals and an exponential server. Such a queue can model an interactive computer system consisting of a bank of terminals in series with a central processing unit (CPU). For systems with a large population $N$ and a commensurately rapid service rate, or infrequent arrivals, we obtain various asymptotic results. We analyze the conditional sojourn time distribution of a tagged customer, conditioned on the number $n$ of others in the system at the tagged customer's arrival instant, and also the unconditional distributi…
In this paper we revisit the Markovian queueing system with a single server, infinite capacity queue and the special queue skipping policy. Customers arrive in batches, but are served one by one according to any conservative discipline. The size of the arriving batch becomes known upon its arrival and at any time instant the total number of customers in the system is also known. According to the adopted queue skipping policy if a batch, which size is greater than the current system size, arrives to the system, all current customers in the system are removed from it and the new batch is placed …
We develop accurate approximations of the delay distribution of the MArP/G/1 queue that cap- ture the exact tail behavior and provide bounded relative errors. Motivated by statistical analysis, we consider the service times as a mixture of a phase-type and a heavy-tailed distribution. With the aid of perturbation analysis, we derive corrected phase-type approximations as a sum of the delay in an MArP/PH/1 queue and a heavy-tailed component depending on the perturbation parameter. We exhibit their performance with numerical examples.
Queueing networks are notoriously difficult to analyze sans both Markovian and stationarity assumptions. Much of the theoretical contribution towards performance analysis of time-inhomogeneous single class queueing networks has focused on Markovian networks, with the recent exception of work in Liu and Whitt (2011) and Mandelbaum and Ramanan (2010). In this paper, we introduce transitory queueing networks as a model of inhomogeneous queueing networks, where a large, but finite, number of jobs arrive at queues in the network over a fixed time horizon. The queues offer FIFO service, and we assum…
A state-dependent 1-limited polling model with N queues is analyzed. The routing strategy generalizes the classical Markovian polling model, in the sense that two routing matrices are involved, the choice being made according to the state of the last visited queue. The stationary distribution of the position of the server is given. Ergodicity conditions are obtained by means of an associated dynamical system. Under rotational symmetry assumptions, average queue length and mean waiting times are computed.
We consider Markovian multiserver retrial queues where a blocked customer has two opportunities for abandonment: at the moment of blocking or at the departure epoch from the orbit. In this queueing system, the number of customers in the system (servers and buffer) and that in the orbit form a level-dependent quasi-birth-and-death (QBD) process whose stationary distribution is expressed in terms of a sequence of rate matrices. Using a simple perturbation technique and a matrix analytic method, we derive Taylor series expansion for nonzero elements of the rate matrices with respect to the number…
Discrete-time queueing models find huge applications as they are used in modeling queueing systems arising in digital platforms like telecommunication systems, computer networks, etc. In this paper, we analyze an infinite-buffer queueing model with discrete Markovian arrival process. The units on arrival are served in batches by a single server according to the general bulk-service rule, and the service time follows general distribution with service rate depending on the size of the batch being served. We mathematically formulate the model using the supplementary variable technique and obtain …
Significant correlations between arrivals of load-generating events make the numerical evaluation of the workload of a system a challenging problem. In this paper, we construct highly accurate approximations of the workload distribution of the MAP/G/1 queue that capture the tail behavior of the exact workload distribution and provide a bounded relative error. Motivated by statistical analysis, we consider the service times as a mixture of a phase-type and a heavy-tailed distribution. With the aid of perturbation analysis, we derive our approximations as a sum of the workload distribution of th…
This paper considers a BMAP/M/$\infty$ queue with a batch Markovian arrival process (BMAP) and an exponential service time distribution. We first prove that the BMAP/M/$\infty$ queue is stable if and only if the expectation of the logarithm of the batch-size distribution is finite. Using this result, we also present the stability condition for an infinite-server queue with a multiclass batch Markovian arrival process and class-dependent exponential service times.
This is an expository review paper illustrating the ``martingale method'' for proving many-server heavy-traffic stochastic-process limits for queueing models, supporting diffusion-process approximations. Careful treatment is given to an elementary model -- the classical infinite-server model $M/M/\infty$, but models with finitely many servers and customer abandonment are also treated. The Markovian stochastic process representing the number of customers in the system is constructed in terms of rate-1 Poisson processes in two ways: (i) through random time changes and (ii) through random thinnin…
We consider a general $k$ dimensional discounted infinite server queues process (alternatively, an Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) claim process) where the multivariate inputs (claims) are given by a $k$ dimensional finite state Markov Chain and the arrivals follow a renewal process. After deriving a multidimensional integral equation for the moment generating function jointly to the state of the input at time $t$ given the initial state of the input at time 0, asymptotic results for the first and second (matrix) moments of the process are provided. In particular, when the interarrival or ser…
We investigate Markovian queues that are examined by a controller at random times determined by a Poisson process. Upon examination, the controller sets the service speed to be equal to the minimum of the current number of customers in the queue and a certain maximum service speed; this service speed prevails until the next examination time. We study the resulting two-dimensional Markov process of queue length and server speed, in particular two regimes with time scale separation, specifically for infinitely frequent and infinitely long examination times. In the intermediate regime the analysi…
Some $M|G|\infty$ queue systems parameters values approximations, obtained through the consideration of an adequate Markov renewal process, are presented, and studied.
We propose a generalization of the classical M/M/1 queue process. The resulting model is derived by applying fractional derivative operators to a system of difference-differential equations. This generalization includes both non-Markovian and Markovian properties, which naturally provide greater flexibility in modeling real queue systems than its classical counterpart. Algorithms to simulate M/M/1 queue process and the related linear birth-death process are provided. Closed-form expressions of the point and interval estimators of the parameters of these fractional stochastic models are also pr…
We present formulas to compute the busy cycle renewal function for the $M|G|\infty$ queue and exemplify for some service time distributions. The busy cycle renewal function value in t is the number of busy periods that begin in the interval from 0 till $t$. This number is of crucial importance in practical applications of $M|G|\infty$ queue.
Motivated by queues with many servers, we study Brownian steady-state approximations for continuous time Markov chains (CTMCs). Our approximations are based on diffusion models (rather than a diffusion limit) whose steady-state, we prove, approximates that of the Markov chain with notable precision. Strong approximations provide such "limitless" approximations for process dynamics. Our focus here is on steady-state distributions, and the diffusion model that we propose is tractable relative to strong approximations. Within an asymptotic framework, in which a scale parameter $n$ is taken large,…
We discuss weak convergence of the number of busy servers in a $G/G/\infty$ queue in the $J_1$-topology on the Skorokhod space. We prove two functional limit theorems, with random and nonrandom centering, respectively, thereby solving two open problems stated in Mikosch and Resnick (2006}. A new integral representation for the limit Gaussian process is given.
Solving a Riccati equation, induced by the study of the transient behaviour of the MGInf queue system, a collection of service times distributions is determined. For the MGInf queue, which service time distribution is a member of that collection, the busy period and busy cycle probabilistic studies are performed. In extra, the properties of that distributions collection are deduced and presented.
This paper considers the tail asymptotics for a cumulative process $\{B(t); t \ge 0\}$ sampled at a heavy-tailed random time $T$. The main contribution of this paper is to establish several sufficient conditions for the asymptotic equality ${\sf P}(B(T) > bx) \sim {\sf P}(M(T) > bx) \sim {\sf P}(T>x)$ as $x \to \infty$, where $M(t) = \sup_{0 \le u \le t}B(u)$ and $b$ is a certain positive constant. The main results of this paper can be used to obtain the subexponential asymptotics for various queueing models in Markovian environments. As an example, using the main results, we derive subexponen…
Some important results on the variance of the $M|G|\infty$ queue busy period are presented. Often, this parameter depends on the whole structure of the service time distribution. So, the importance of the bounds presented, depending only on some parameters. Also, some bounds for service time distributions important in reliability theory, with technological and financial applications, are presented and a particular stochastic ordination is explored to explain those results. Finally, an interesting result about the exponentiality of the MGInf queue busy period, resulting from the coefficient of …
We consider an infinite-server queue into which customers arrive according to a Cox process and have independent service times with a general distribution. We prove a functional large deviations principle for the equilibrium queue length process. The model is motivated by a linear feed-forward gene regulatory network, in which the rate of protein synthesis is modulated by the number of RNA molecules present in a cell. The system can be modelled as a tandem of infinite-server queues, in which the number of customers present in a queue modulates the arrival rate into the next queue in the tandem…
Overlap times have been studied as a way of understanding the time of interaction between customers in a service facility. Most of the previous analysis relies on the single jump assumption for arrivals, which implies the queue increases by one for each arrival epoch. In this paper, we relax the single arrival assumption and explore the impact of having batch arrivals. Unfortunately, with batch arrivals it is not clear how one measures an overlap time between batches of customers. Thus, we develop two ways of capturing the notion of an overlap time in a batch setting and derive exact results i…
We study the $G/\mathit{GI}/\infty$ queue in heavy-traffic using tempered distribution-valued processes which track the age and residual service time of each customer in the system. In both cases, we use the continuous mapping theorem together with functional central limit theorem results in order to obtain fluid and diffusion limits for these processes in the space of tempered distribution-valued processes. We find that our diffusion limits are tempered distribution-valued Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes.
We study infinite-server queues in which the arrival process is a Cox process (or doubly stochastic Poisson process), of which the arrival rate is given by shot noise. A shot-noise rate emerges as a natural model, if the arrival rate tends to display sudden increases (or: shots) at random epochs, after which the rate is inclined to revert to lower values. Exponential decay of the shot noise is assumed, so that the queueing systems are amenable for analysis. In particular, we perform transient analysis on the number of customers in the queue jointly with the value of the driving shot-noise proc…
We consider a polling system where a group of an infinite number of servers visits sequentially a set of queues. When visited, each queue is attended for a random time. Arrivals at each queue follow a Poisson process, and service time of each individual customer is drawn from a general probability distribution function. Thus, each of the queues comprising the system is, in isolation, an M/G/$\infty$-type queue. A job that is not completed during a visit will have a new service time requirement sampled from the service-time distribution of the corresponding queue. To the best of our knowledge, …
In this paper we study the distribution of the level at time $θ$ of Markovian fluid queues and Markovian continuous time random walks, the maximum (and minimum) level over $[0,θ]$, and their joint distributions. We approximate $θ$ by a random variable $T$ with Erlang distribution and we use an alternative way, with respect to the usual Laplace transform approach, to compute the distributions. We present probabilistic interpretation of the equations and provide a numerical illustration.
Consider the following birth and death process with the following infinitesimal transition probabilities λ(k) =λ/(1+k) and μ(k) = μk with λ,μ> 0. This process has known as a discouragement queue [5]. Although from the theoretical point of view the problem of the determination of the transition functions has been solved [4], the explicit form of them is not present in literature. We have solved this problem assuming that the solution is representable by a Taylor series, under the initial condition that the process starts to state zero. We discuss also the same problem for the embedded chain and…
In this paper we study the number of customers in infinite-server queues with a self-exciting (Hawkes) arrival process. Initially we assume that service requirements are exponentially distributed and that the Hawkes arrival process is of a Markovian nature. We obtain a system of differential equations that characterizes the joint distribution of the arrival intensity and the number of customers. Moreover, we provide a recursive procedure that explicitly identifies (transient and stationary) moments. Subsequently, we allow for non-Markovian Hawkes arrival processes and non-exponential service t…
A Markovian single-server queue is studied in an interactive random environment. The arrival and service rates of the queue depend on the environment, while the transition dynamics of the random environment depends on the queue length. We consider in detail two types of Markov random environments: a pure jump process and a reflected jump-diffusion. In both cases, the joint dynamics is constructed so that the stationary distribution can be explicitly found in a simple form (weighted geometric). We also derive an explicit estimate for exponential rate of convergence to the stationary distributio…
We consider Markov processes, which describe e.g. queueing network processes, in a random environment which influences the network by determining random breakdown of nodes, and the necessity of repair thereafter. Starting from an explicit steady state distribution of product form available in the literature, we notice that this steady state distribution does not provide information about the correlation structure in time and space (over nodes). We study this correlation structure via one step correlations for the queueing-environment process. Although formulas for absolute values of these corr…
In this paper we analyze a single server queue with batch arrivals and semi-Markovian service times. We also include the feature that the first service of each busy period might have a different distribution than subsequent service times. Our generating function based approach allows us to determine the heavy traffic limit of the scaled queue-length distribution. It turns out that this distribution converges to an exponential distribution. Nonsurprisingly, the exceptional first service does not influence this limiting distribution. We identify a sufficient and necessary condition under which t…
In this paper, we analyze the number of departures from an initially empty $M/M/\infty$ system in a finite time interval. We observe the system during an exponentially distributed period of time starting from the time origin. We then consider the absorbed Markov chain describing the number of arrivals and departures in the system until the observer leaves the system, triggering the absorption of the Markov chain. The generator of the absorbed Markov chain induces a selfadjoint operator in some Hilbert space. The use of spectral theory then allows us to compute the Laplace transform of several …
In this paper, we present a functional fluid limit theorem and a functional central limit theorem for a queue with an infinity of servers M/GI/$\infty$. The system is represented by a point-measure valued process keeping track of the remaining processing times of the customers in service. The convergence in law of a sequence of such processes after rescaling is proved by compactness-uniqueness methods, and the deterministic fluid limit is the solution of an integrated equation in the space $\mathcal{S}^{\prime}$ of tempered distributions. We then establish the corresponding central limit theor…
In this paper, we consider a $G_t/G_t/\infty$ infinite server queueing model in a random environment. More specifically, the arrival rate in our server is modeled as a highly fluctuating stochastic process, which arguably takes into account some small time scale variations often observed in practice. We show a homogenization property for this system, which yields an approximation by a $M_t/G_t/\infty$ queue with modified parameters. Our limiting results include the description of the number of active servers, the total accumulated input and the solution of the storage equation. Hence in the fa…
This article provides entropic inequalities for binomial-Poisson distributions, derived from the two point space. They appear as local inequalities of the M/M/$\infty$ queue. They describe in particular the exponential dissipation of $Φ$-entropies along this process. This simple queueing process appears as a model of ``constant curvature'', and plays for the simple Poisson process the role played by the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for Brownian Motion. Some of the inequalities are recovered by semi-group interpolation. Additionally, we explore the behaviour of these entropic inequalities under a…
We study infinite server queues driven by Cox processes in a fast oscillatory random environment. While exact performance analysis is difficult, we establish diffusion approximations to the (re-scaled) number-in-system process by proving functional central limit theorems (FCLTs) using a stochastic homogenization framework. This framework permits the establishment of quenched and annealed limits in a unified manner. At the quantitative level, we identity two parameter regimes, termed subcritical and supercritical indicating the relative dominance between the two underlying stochasticities drivi…
In this paper we investigate Gaussian queues in the light-traffic and in the heavy-traffic regime. The setting considered is that of a centered Gaussian process $X\equiv\{X(t):t\in\mathbb R\}$ with stationary increments and variance function $σ^2_X(\cdot)$, equipped with a deterministic drift $c>0$, reflected at 0: \[Q_X^{(c)}(t)=\sup_{-\infty<s\le t}(X(t)-X(s)-c(t-s)).\] We study the resulting stationary workload process $Q^{(c)}_X\equiv\{Q_X^{(c)}(t):t\ge0\}$ in the limiting regimes $c\to 0$ (heavy traffic) and $c\to\infty$ (light traffic). The primary contribution is that we show for both l…
In this paper, we study optimal control problems for multiclass GI/M/n+M queues in an alternating renewal (up-down) random environment in the Halfin-Whitt regime. Assuming that the downtimes are asymptotically negligible and only the service processes are affected, we show that the limits of the diffusion-scaled state processes under non-anticipative, preemptive, work-conserving scheduling policies, are controlled jump diffusions driven by a compound Poisson jump process. We establish the asymptotic optimality of the infinite-horizon discounted and long-run average (ergodic) problems for the q…
