We classify abelian subgroups of Out(F_n) up to finite index in an algorithmic and computationally friendly way. A process called disintegration is used to canonically decompose a single rotationless element ϕinto a composition of finitely many elements and then use these elements to generate an abelian subgroup A(ϕ) that contains ϕ. The main theorem is that up to finite index every abelian subgroup is realized by this construction. As an application we classify, up to finite index, abelian subgroups of Out(F_n) and of IA with maximal rank.
When studying subgroups of $Out(F_n)$, one often replaces a given subgroup $H$ with one of its finite index subgroups $H_0$ so that virtual properties of $H$ become actual properties of $H_0$. In many cases, the finite index subgroup is $H_0 = H \cap IA_n(Z/3)$. For which properties is this a good choice? Our main theorem states that being abelian is such a property. Namely, every virtually abelian subgroup of $IA_n(Z/3)$ is abelian.
We prove that an isomorphism between saturated fusion systems over the same finite p-group is detected on the elementary abelian subgroups of the hyperfocal subgroup if p is odd, and on the abelian subgroups of the hyperfocal subgroup of exponent at most 4 if p = 2. For odd p, this has implications for mod p group cohomology.
We classify closed abelian subgroups of the automorphism group of any compact classical simple Lie algebra whose centralizer has the same dimension as the dimension of the subgroup, and describe Weyl groups of maximal abelian subgroups.
We classify elementary abelian 2 subgroups of compact simple Lie groups of adjoint type. This finishes the classification of elementary abelian $p$ subgroups of compact (or linear algebraic) simple groups of adjoint type.
We classify closed abelian subgroups of the simple groups $G_2$, $F_4$, $Aut(so(8))$ having centralizer the same dimension as the dimension of the subgroup, as well as finite abelian subgroups of certain spin and half-spin groups having finite centralizer.
We classify closed abelian subgroups of a compact simple Lie group of adjoint type and of type E having centralizer of the same dimension as the dimension of the subgroup and describe Weyl groups of maximal abelian subgroups.
We classify abelian subgroups of the automorphism group of any compact simple Lie algebra whose centralizer has the same dimension as the dimension of the subgroup. This leads to a classification of the maximal abelian subgroups of compact simple groups of adjoint type and a classification of the fine group gradings of complex simple Lie algebras.
We consider abelain subgroups of small index in finite groups. More generally, we consider subgroups such that the product of their index by the index of their centralizer is small.
In the current paper we study the groups, whose subnormal abelian subgroups are normal. We obtained a quite detailed description of such hyperabelian groups with a periodic Baer radical. The description of hyperabelian Lie algebras, whose abelian subideals are ideals, is also obtained.
We give a new proof of the known Shunkov's Theorem on locally finite groups with the minimal condition for nonabelian subgroups and also an extension of the known Suchkova-Shunkov Theorem on Shunkov groups with the minimal condition for abelian subgroups.
We say that a subgroup $H$ is isolated in a group $G$ if for every $x\in G$ we have either $x\in H$ or $\langle x\rangle\cap H=1$. In this short note, we describe the set of isolated subgroups of a finite abelian group. The technique used is based on an interesting connection between isolated subgroups and the function sum of element orders of a finite group.
In this note, we give a new formula for the number of cyclic subgroups of a finite abelian group. This is based on applying the Burnside's lemma to a certain group action. Also, it generalizes the well-known Menon's identity.
It is proved that every group of the form $G=AB$ with two subgroups $A$ and $B$ each of which is either abelian or has a quasicyclic subgroup of index $2$ is soluble of derived length at most $3$. In particular, if $A$ is abelian and $B$ is a locally quaternion group, this gives a positive answer to Question 18.95 of "Kourovka notebook" posed by A.I.Sozutov.
We carry out the Cantor-Bendixson analysis of the space of all subgroups of any countable abelian group and we deduce a complete classification of such spaces up to homeomorphism.
Among other things, we prove that the group of automorphisms fixing every normal subgroup of a nilpotent-by-abelian group is nilpotent-by-metabelian. In particular, the group of automorphisms fixing every normal subgroup of a metabelian group is soluble of derived length at most 3. An example shows that this bound cannot be improved.
In this paper, we discuss about finite groups in which, CGH = NGH, for every abelian subgroup H of non prime power order. Also, we classify all such nilpotent and minimal non nilpotent groups.
Given a prime $p$, we construct a permutation group containing at least $p^{p-2}$ non-conjugated regular elementary abelian subgroups of order $p^3$. This gives the first example of a permutation group with exponentially many non-conjugated regular subgroups.
The main goal of the current paper is to determine the total number of diamonds in the subgroup lattice of a finite abelian group. This counting problem is reduced to finite $p$-groups. Explicit formulas are obtained in some particular cases.
The main goal of this paper is to apply the arithmetic method developed in our previous paper \cite{13} to determine the number of some types of subgroups of finite abelian groups.
We prove that abelian subgroups of the outer automorphism group of a free group are quasi-isometrically embedded. Our proof uses recent developments in the theory of train track maps by Feighn-Handel. As an application, we prove the rank conjecture for $\mathrm{Out}(F_n)$.
The Chermak-Delgado lattice of a finite group $G$ is a self-dual sublattice of the subgroup lattice of $G$. In this paper, we focus on finite groups whose Chermak-Delgado lattice is a subgroup lattice of an elementary abelian $p$-group. We prove that such groups are nilpotent of class $2$. We also prove that, for any elementary abelian $p$-group $E$, there exists a finite group $G$ such that the Chermak-Delgado lattice of $G$ is a subgroup lattice of $E$.
We say that a subgroup $H$ of an infinite compact Abelian group $X$ is {\it $T$-characterized} if there is a $T$-sequence $\mathbf{u} =\{u_n \}$ in the dual group of $X$ such that $H=\{x\in X: \; (u_n, x)\to 1 \}$. We show that a closed subgroup $H$ of $X$ is $T$-characterized if and only if $H$ is a $G_δ$-subgroup of $X$ and the annihilator of $H$ admits a Hausdorff minimally almost periodic group topology. All closed subgroups of an infinite compact Abelian group $X$ are $T$-characterized if and only if $X$ is metrizable and connected. We prove that every compact Abelian group $X$ of infinit…
Let $P$ be a finite $p$-group and $p$ be an odd prime. Let $\mathcal{A}_p(P)_{\geq2}$ be a poset consisting of elementary abelian subgroups of rank at least 2. If the derived subgroup $P'\cong C_p\times C_p$, then the spheres occurring in $\mathcal{A}_p(P)_{\geq2}$ all have the same dimension.
In this note we give a classification of the Maximal order Abelian subgroups of finite irreducible Coxeter groups. We also prove a Weyl group analogue of Cartan's theorem that all maximal tori in a connected compact Lie group are conjugate.
We show that any group $G$ is contained in some sharply 2-transitive group $\mathcal{G}$ without a non-trivial abelian normal subgroup. This answers a long-standing open question. The involutions in the groups $\mathcal{G}$ that we construct have no fixed points.
In this paper, we finished the classification of three-generator finite $p$-groups $G$ such that $Φ(G)\le Z(G)$. This paper is a part of classification of finite $p$-groups with a minimal non-abelian subgroup of index $p$, and partly solved a problem proposed by Y. Berkovich.
We study groups having the property that every non-abelian subgroup contains its centralizer. We describe various classes of infinite groups in this class, and address a problem of Berkovich regarding the classification of finite $p$-groups with the above property.
In this short note we give a formula for the number of chains of subgroups of a finite elementary abelian $p$-group. This completes our previous work [5].
We consider the question: When do two finite abelian groups have isomorphic lattices of characteristic subgroups? An explicit description of the characteristic subgroups of such groups enables us to give a complete answer to this question in the case where at least one of the groups has odd order. An "exceptional" isomorphism, which occurs between the lattice of characteristic subgroups of $Z_p\times Z_{p^2}\times Z_{p^4}$ and $Z_{p^2} \times Z_{p^5}$, for any prime $p$, is noteworthy.
Let $G$ be a finite group and assume $p$ is a prime dividing the order of $G$. Suppose for any such $p$, that every two abelian $p$-subgroups of $G$ of equal order are conjugate. The structure of such a group $G$ has been settled in this article.
We determine the irreducible 2-modular representations of the symplectic group $G=Sp_{2n}(2)$ whose restriction to every abelian subgroup has a trivial constituent. A similar result is obtained for maximal tori of $G$. There is significant information on the existence of eigenvalue 1 of elements of $G$ in a given irreducible representation of $G$.
We study groups having the property that every non-abelian subgroup is equal to its normalizer. This class of groups is closely related to an open problem posed by Berkovich. We give a full classification of finite groups having the above property. We also describe all infinite soluble groups in this class.
Let G be a p-adic Lie group and Ad be the adjoint representation of G on its Lie algebra. It was claimed in the literature that the kernel K of Ad always has an abelian open normal subgroup. We show by means of a counterexample that this assertion is false; it can even happen that K=G but G has no abelian subnormal subgroup except for the trivial group. The arguments are based on auxiliary results on subgroups of free products with central amalgamation.
Locally compact abelian groups are classified in which the sum of any two closed subgroups is itself closed. This amounts to reproving and extending results by Yu.~N.~Mukhin from 1970. Namely we contribute a complete classification of all totally disconnected \lca\ groups with $X+Y$ closed for any closed subgroups $X$ and $Y$.
In [Li and Chen, A new characterization of the simple group A_1(p^n), Sib. Math. J., 2012], it is proved that the simple group A_1(p^n) is uniquely determined by the set of orders of its maximal abelian subgroups. Also in [Momen and Khosravi, Groups with the same orders of maximal abelian subgroups as A_2(q), Monatsh. Math., 2013], the authors proved that if L=A_2(q), where q is not a Mersenne prime, then every finite group with the same orders of maximal abelian subgroups as L, is isomorphic to L or an extension of L by a subgroup of the outer automorphism group of L. In this paper, we prove …
Suppose that $G$ is a finite $p$-group. If all subgroups of index $p^t$ of $G$ are abelian and at least one subgroup of index $p^{t-1}$ of $G$ is not abelian, then $G$ is called an $\mathcal{A}_t$-group. In this paper, some information about $\mathcal{A}_t$-groups are obtained and $\mathcal{A}_3$-groups are completely classified. This solves an {\it old problem} proposed by Berkovich and Janko in their book. Abundant information about $\mathcal{A}_3$-groups are given.
T. De Medts, Y. Segev and K. Tent [Special Moufang sets, their root groups and their μ-maps, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 96 (2008), 767-791] proved that the little projective group of a special Moufang set M(U,τ) is perfect provided that U has size at least 4. We give a short, elementary and self-contained argument when U is abelian, working with Timmesfeld's concept of special (abstract) rank one groups with abelian unipotent subgroups [Abstract root subgroups and simple groups of Lie type, Monographs in Mathematics, 95. Birkhäuser, 2001]. This simplifies Timmesfeld's (quasi) simplicity criter…
In this note we introduce the class of $\mathcal H$-groups (or Hall groups) related to the class of $\mathcal B$-groups defined by Ph. Hall in 1950's. Establishing some basic properties of Hall groups we use them to obtain results concerning embeddings of abelian groups. In particular, we give an explicit classification of all abelian groups that can occur as subgroups in finitely-generated metabelian groups. Hall groups allow to give a negative answer to the Baumslag's conjecture of 1990 on the cardinality of the set of isomorphism classes for abelian subgroups in finitely generated metabelia…
Let $p$ be an odd prime, and let $S$ be a $p$-group with a unique elementary abelian subgroup $A$ of index $p$. We classify the simple fusion systems over all such groups $S$ in which $A$ is essential. The resulting list, which depends on the classification of finite simple groups, includes a large variety of new, exotic simple fusion systems.
Let p be a prime. We prove that if a finite group G has non-abelian Sylow p-subgroups, and the class size of every p-element in G is coprime to p; then G contains a simple group as a subquotient which exhibits the same property. In addition we provide a list of all the simple groups and primes such that the Sylow p-subgroups are non-abelian and all p-elements have class size coprime to p. This provides a solution to the problem which was left remaining after Tiep and Navarro established that is p is not equal to 3 or 5, then this can never happen [NT14].
Let $p$ be a prime. A $p$-group $G$ is defined to be semi-extraspecial if for every maximal subgroup $N$ in $Z(G)$ the quotient $G/N$ is a an extraspecial group. In addition, we say that $G$ is ultraspecial if $G$ is semi-extraspecial and $|G:G'| = |G'|^2$. In this paper, we prove that every $p$-group of nilpotence class $2$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of some ultraspecial group. Given a prime $p$ and a positive integer $n$, we provide a framework to construct of all the ultraspecial groups order $p^{3n}$ that contain an abelian subgroup of order $p^{2n}$. In the literature, it has been proved…
We first give complete characterizations of the structure of finite group $G$ in which every subgroup (or non-nilpotent subgroup, or non-abelian subgroup) is a TI-subgroup or subnormal or has $p'$-order for a fixed prime divisor $p$ of $|G|$. Furthermore, we prove that every self-centralizing subgroup (or non-nilpotent subgroup, or non-abelian subgroup) of $G$ is a TI-subgroup or subnormal or has $p'$-order for a fixed prime divisor $p$ of $|G|$ if and only if every subgroup (or non-nilpotent subgroup, or non-abelian subgroup) of $G$ is a TI-subgroup or subnormal or has $p'$-order. Based on th…
Let $G_1 \times G_2$ be a subgroup of $\mathrm{SO}_3(\mathbb{R})$ such that the two factors $G_1$ and $G_2$ are non-trivial groups. We show that if $G_1 \times G_2$ is not abelian, then one factor is the (abelian) group of order 2, and the other factor is non-abelian and contains an element of order 2. There exist finite and infinite such non-abelian subgroups.
Let F_n be the free group of rank n and let Aut^+(F_n) be its special automorphism group. For an epimorphism pi : F_n -> G of the free group F_n onto a finite group G we call Gamma^+(G,pi) = {f in Aut^+(F_n) | pi*f = pi} the standard congruence subgroup of Aut^+(F_n) associated to G and pi. In the case n = 2 we fully describe the abelianization of Gamma^+(G,pi) for finite abelian groups G. Moreover, we show that if G is a finite non-perfect group, then Gamma^+(G,pi) < Aut^+(F_2) has infinite abelianization.
We study the structure of the commensurator of a virtually abelian subgroup $H$ in $G$, where $G$ acts properly on a $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ space $X$. When $X$ is a Hadamard manifold and $H$ is semisimple, we show that the commensurator of $H$ coincides with the normalizer of a finite index subgroup of $H$. When $X$ is a $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ cube complex or a thick Euclidean building and the action of $G$ is cellular, we show that the commensurator of $H$ is an ascending union of normalizers of finite index subgroups of $H$. We explore several special cases where the results can be strengthened and we…
In the present paper we prove sandwich classification for the overgroups of the subsystem subgroup $E(Δ,R)$ of the Chevalley group $G(Φ,R)$ for the three types of pair $(Φ,Δ)$ (the root system and its subsystem) such that the group $G(Δ,R)$ is (up to torus) a Levi subgroup of the parabolic subgroup with abelian unipotent radical. Namely we show that for any such an overgroup $H$ there exists a unique pair of ideals $σ$ of the ring $R$ such that $E(Φ,Δ,R,σ)\le H\le N_{G(Φ,R)}(E(Φ,Δ,R,σ))$.
An almost Abelian Lie group is a non-Abelian Lie group with a codimension 1 Abelian normal subgroup. The majority of 3-dimensional real Lie groups are almost Abelian, and they appear in all parts of physics that deal with anisotropic media - cosmology, crystallography etc. In theoretical physics and differential geometry, almost Abelian Lie groups and their homogeneous spaces provide some of the simplest solvmanifolds on which a variety of geometric structures such as symplectic, Kähler, spin etc., are currently studied in explicit terms. Recently, almost Abelian Lie algebras were classified a…
