These notes are based on lectures held at the Lanzhou university (China) during a CIMPA summer school in july 2004 but benefit from recent devellopements. Our aim is to explain some perturbations technics that allow to study the long time behaviour of the solutions of Hamiltonian perturbations of integrable systems. We are in particular interested with stability results. Our approach is centered on the Birkhoff normal form theorem that we first proved in finite dimension. Then, after giving some exemples of Hamiltonian PDEs, we present an abstract Birkhoff normal form theorem in infinite dimension and discuss the dynamical consequences for Hamiltonian PDEs.
We study the long time behavior of small solutions of semi-linear dispersive Hamiltonian partial differential equations on confined domains. Provided that the system enjoys a new non-resonance condition and a strong enough energy estimate, we prove that its low super-actions are almost preserved for very long times. Roughly speaking, it means that, to exchange energy, modes have to oscillate at the same frequency. Contrary to the previous existing results, we do not require the solutions to be especially smooth. They only have to live in the energy space. We apply our result to nonlinear Klein…
In this paper we consider an abstract class of quasi-linear para-differential equations on the circle. For each equation in the class we prove the existence of a change of coordinates which conjugates the equation to a diagonal and constant coefficient para-differential equation. In the case of Hamiltonian equations we also put the system in Poincaré-Birkhoff normal forms. We apply this transformation to quasi-linear perturbations of the Schrödinger and Beam equations, obtaining a long time existence result without requiring any symmetry on the initial data. We also provide the local in time w…
This paper is concerned with the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation with periodic boundary conditions. We obtain complete Birkhoff normal form of order six. As an application, the long time stability for solutions of small amplitude is proved.
We consider the nonlinear cubic Wave, the Hartree and the nonlinear cubic Beam equations on $T^2$ and we prove the existence of different types of solutions which exchange energy between Fourier modes in certain time scales. This exchange can be considered \emph{chaotic-like} since either the choice of activated modes or the time spent in each transfer can be chosen randomly. The key point of the construction of those orbits is the existence of heteroclinic connections between invariant objects and the construction of symbolic dynamics (a Smale horseshoe) for the Birkhoff Normal Form truncatio…
In this paper we prove that the Benjamin-Ono equation admits an analytic Birkhoff normal form in an open neighborhood of zero in $H^{s}_{0}(\T, \R)$ for any $s>-1/2$ where $H^{s}_{0}(\T, \R)$ denotes the subspace of the Sobolev space $H^{s}(\T, \R)$ of elements with mean $0$. As an application we show that for any $-1/2<s<0$, the flow map of the Benjamin-Ono equation $\mathcal{S}_0^t : H^{s}_{0}(\T, \R)\to H^{s}_{0}(\T, \R)$ is nowhere locally uniformly continuous in a neighborhood of zero in $H^{s}_{0}(\T, \R)$.
In this paper we construct a Birkhoff normal form for a semiclassical magnetic Schr{ö}dinger operator with non-degenerate magnetic field, and discrete magnetic well, defined on an even dimensional riemannian manifold M. We use this normal form to get an expansion of the first eigenvalues in powers of h^{1/2}, and semiclassical Weyl asymptotics for this operator.
We consider the semi-classical Dirac operator coupled to a magnetic potential on a large class of manifolds including all metric contact manifolds. We prove a sharp local Weyl law and a bound on its eta invariant. In the absence of a Fourier integral parametrix, the method relies on the use of almost analytic continuations combined with the Birkhoff normal form and local index theory.
We consider the gravity water waves system with a periodic one-dimensional interface in infinite depth, and prove a rigorous reduction of these equations to Birkhoff normal form up to degree four. This proves a conjecture of Zakharov-Dyachenko [55] suggested by the formal Birkhoff integrability of the water waves Hamiltonian truncated at order four. As a consequence, we also obtain a long-time stability result: periodic perturbations of a flat interface that are of size $\varepsilon$ in a sufficiently smooth Sobolev space lead to solutions that remain regular and small up to times of order $\v…
In an infinite dimensional Hilbert space we consider a family of commuting analytic vector fields vanishing at the origin and which are nonlinear perturbations of some fundamental linear vector fields. We prove that one can construct by the method of Poincaré normal form a local analytic coordinate transformation near the origin transforming the family into a normal form. The result applies to the KdV and NLS equations and to the Toda lattice with periodic boundary conditions. One gets existence of Birkhoff coordinates in a neighbourhood of the origin. The proof is obtained by directly estimat…
The aim of this note is to present the recent results in [16] where we provide the existence of solutions of some nonlinear resonant PDEs on the 2-dimensional torus exchanging energy among Fourier modes in a \emph{chaotic-like} way. We say that a transition of energy is \emph{chaotic-like} if either the choice of activated modes or the time spent in each transfer can be chosen randomly. We consider the nonlinear cubic Wave, the Hartree and the nonlinear cubic Beam equations. The key point of the construction of the special solutions is the existence of heteroclinic connections between invarian…
We prove an almost global in time existence result of small amplitude space periodic solutions of the 1D gravity-capillary water waves equations with constant vorticity. The result holds for any value of gravity, vorticity and depth and any surface tension belonging to a full measure set. The proof demands a Hamiltonian paradifferential Birkhoff normal form reduction for quasi-linear PDEs in presence of resonant wave interactions: the normal form may be not integrable but it preserves the Sobolev norms thanks to its Hamiltonian nature. A major difficulty is that usual paradifferential calculus…
In this paper we explore the connection between semi-classical and quantum Birkhoff canonical forms (BCF) for Schrodinger operators. In particular we give a "non-symbolic" operator theoretic derivation of the quantum Birkhoff canonical form and provide an explicit recipe for expressing the quantum BCF in terms of the semi-classical BCF.
We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a potential on $\mathbb T^d$. For almost all potentials, we show the almost global stability in very high Sobolev norms. We apply an iteration of the Birkhoff normal form, as in the formulation introduced by Bourgain \cite{Bo00}. This result reprove a dynamical consequence of the infinite dimensional Birkhoff normal form theorem by Bambusi and Grebert \cite{BG}
We study the {\it regular} action of an analytic pseudo-group of transformations on the space of germs of various analytic objects of local analysis and local differential geometry. We fix a homogeneous object $F_0$ and we are interested in an analytic normal form for the whole affine space $\{F_0 + h.o.t.\}$. We prove that if the cohomological operator defined by $F_0$ has the big denominators property and if a formal normal form is well chosen then this formal normal form holds in analytic category. We also define big denominators in systems of nonlinear PDEs and prove a theorem on local ana…
We derive new expressions for the Rayleigh-Schrödinger seriesdescribing the perturbation of eigenvalues of quantumHamiltonians. The method, somehow close to the so-called dimensionalrenormalization in quantum field theory, involves the Birkhoffdecomposition of some Laurent series built up out of explicit fullynon-resonant terms present in the usual expression of theRayleigh-Schrödinger series. Our results provide new combinational formulae and a new way \ff{of deriving} perturbation series in Quantum Mechanics. More generally we prove that such a decomposition provides solutions of general nor…
In this paper, we revisit the infinite iteration scheme of normal form reductions, introduced by the first and second authors (with Z. Guo), in constructing solutions to nonlinear dispersive PDEs. Our main goal is to present a simplified approach to this method. More precisely, we study normal form reductions in an abstract form and reduce multilinear estimates of arbitrarily high degrees to successive applications of basic trilinear estimates. As an application, we prove unconditional well-posedness of canonical nonlinear dispersive equations on the real line. In particular, we implement this…
We consider the gravity-capillary water waves equations for a bi-dimensional fluid with a periodic one-dimensional free surface. We prove a rigorous reduction of this system to Birkhoff normal form up to cubic degree. Due to the possible presence of 3-waves resonances for general values of gravity, surface tension and depth, such normal form may be not trivial and exhibit a chaotic dynamics (Wilton-ripples). Nevertheless we prove that for all the values of gravity, surface tension and depth, initial data that are of size $ε$ in a sufficiently smooth Sobolev space lead to a solution that remain…
We consider the non linear wave equation (NLW) on the d-dimensional torus with a smooth nonlinearity of order at least two at the origin. We prove that, for almost any mass, small and smooth solutions of high Sobolev indices are stable up to arbitrary long times with respect to the size of the initial data.To prove this result we use a normal form transformation decomposing the dynamics into low and high frequencies with weak interactions. While the low part of the dynamics can be put under classical Birkhoff normal form, the high modes evolve according to a time dependent linear Hamiltonian s…
We prove that a general class of nonlinear, non-autonomous ODEs in Fréchet spaces are close to ODEs in a specific normal form, where closeness means that solutions of the normal form ODE satisfy the original ODE up to a residual that vanishes up to any desired order. In this normal form, the centre, stable and unstable coordinates of the ODE are clearly separated, which allows us to define invariant manifolds of such equations in a robust way. In particular, our method empowers us to study approximate centre manifolds, given by solutions of ODEs that are central up to a desired, possibly nonze…
We consider the semilinear harmonic oscillator $$iψ_t=(-Δ+\va{x}^{2} +M)ψ+\partial_2 g(ψ,\bar ψ), \quad x\in \R^d, t\in \R$$ where $M$ is a Hermite multiplier and $g$ a smooth function globally of order 3 at least. We prove that such a Hamiltonian equation admits, in a neighborhood of the origin, a Birkhoff normal form at any order and that, under generic conditions on $M$ related to the non resonance of the linear part, this normal form is integrable when $d=1$ and gives rise to simple (in particular bounded) dynamics when $d\geq 2$. As a consequence we prove the almost global existence for s…
We prove the existence of Cantor families of small amplitude, linearly stable, quasi-periodic solutions of quasi-linear autonomous Hamiltonian generalized KdV equations. We consider the most general quasi-linear quadratic nonlinearity. The proof is based on an iterative Nash-Moser algorithm. To initialize this scheme, we need to perform a bifurcation analysis taking into account the strongly perturbative effects of the nonlinearity near the origin. In particular, we implement a weak version of the Birkhoff normal form method. The inversion of the linearized operators at each step of the iterat…
We prove an abstract KAM theorem adapted to space-multidimensional hamiltonian PDEs with regularizing nonlinearities. It applies in particular to the singular perturbation problem studied in the first part of this work.
Nonlinear PDEs with modulated dispersion IV: normal form approach and unconditional uniqueness
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；The Maxwell Institute for the Mathematical Sciences（麦克斯韦数学科学研究所）
This is a partly expository, partly new paper on sup norm estimates of eigenfunctions. The focus is on the quantum completely integrable case. We give a new proof of the main result of our paper ``Riemannian manifolds with uniformly bounded eigenfunctions' (Duke Math J. 111 (2002), 97-132), based on the analysis of quasi-modes and Birkhoff normal forms. We also discuss related issues of resonant normal forms and tunnelling between tori.
Motivated by many recent works (by L. Charles, V. Guillemin, T. Paul, J. Sjöstrand, A. Uribe, S. Vu Ngoc, S. Zelditch and others) on the semi-classical Birkhoff normal forms, we investigate the structure of the group of automorphisms of the graded semi-classical Weyl algebra which is used to get the normal forms. The answer is quite similar to the Theorem of Duistermaat and Singer for the usual algebra of pseudo-differential operators where all automorphisms are given by conjugation by an elliptic Fourier Integral Operator (a FIO). Here what replaces general non-linear symplectic diffeomeorhis…
