B. Doug Park, Mainak Poddar, Stefano Vidussi
We construct an infinite family of homologous, non-isotopic, symplectic surfaces of any genus greater than one in a certain class of closed, simply connected, symplectic four-manifolds. Our construction is the first example of this phenomenon for surfaces of genus greater than one.
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Let E(1)_K denote the closed 4-manifold that is homotopy equivalent (hence homeomorphic) to the rational elliptic surface E(1) and is obtained by performing Fintushel-Stern knot surgery on E(1) using a knot K in S^3. We construct an infinite family of homologous non-isotopic symplectic tori representing a primitive homology class in E(1)_K when K is any nontrivial fibred knot in S^3. We also show how these tori can be non-isotopically embedded as homologous symplectic submanifolds in other symplectic 4-manifolds.
For each member of an infinite family of homology classes in the K3-surface E(2), we construct infinitely many non-isotopic symplectic tori representing this homology class. This family has an infinite subset of primitive classes. We also explain how these tori can be non-isotopically embedded as homologous symplectic submanifolds in many other symplectic 4-manifolds including the elliptic surfaces E(n) for n>2.
The algebraic genus of a knot is an invariant that arises when one considers upper bounds for the topological slice genus coming from Freedman's theorem that Alexander polynomial one knots are topologically slice. This paper develops null-homologous twisting operations as a tool for studying the algebraic genus and, consequently, for bounding the topological slice genus above. As applications we give new upper bounds on the algebraic genera of torus knots and satellite knots.
Every knot can be unknotted with two generalized twists; this was first proved by Ohyama. Here we prove that any knot of genus g can be unknotted with 2g null-homologous twists and that there exist genus g knots that cannot be unknotted with fewer than 2g null-homologous twists.
The acyclicity of the complex of homologous curves
本文证明了亏格为g的闭定向曲面的同调曲线复形具有(g-3)-无环性。
Unknotting via null-homologous twists and multi-twists
本文研究纽结的解扭数与手术描述数，证明二者对无穷多个纽结不同，且解扭数不超过手术描述数的两倍加一，并阐明其与4-亏格的关系。
In this paper we exhibit infinite families of embedded tori in 4-manifolds that are topologically isotopic but smoothly distinct. The interesting thing about these tori is that they are topologically trivial in the sense that each bounds a topologically embedded solid handlebody. This implies that there are stably ribbon surfaces in 4-manifolds that are not ribbon.
Let E(1)_p denote the rational elliptic surface with a single multiple fiber f_p of multiplicity p. We construct an infinite family of homologous non-isotopic symplectic tori representing the primitive class [f_p] in E(1)_p when p>1. As a consequence, we get infinitely many non-isotopic symplectic tori in the fiber class of the rational elliptic surface E(1) (complex projective plane blown-up at nine branch points of a generic pencil of cubic curves). We also show how these tori can be non-isotopically and symplectically embedded in many other symplectic 4-manifolds.
Slice genus bound in $DTS^2$ from $s$-invariant
本文证明了 Manolescu-Willis 关于 $\mathbb{RP}^3$ 中纽结的 $s$-不变量给出 $TS^2$ 单位圆盘丛中零同调切片亏格下界的猜想，并推广到非零同调情形，在特殊情形下给出证明。
We use the methods of Hedden, Juhasz, and Sarkar to exhibit a set of arborescent knots that bound large numbers of non-isotopic minimal genus spanning surfaces. In particular, we describe a sequence of prime knots K_{n} which will bound at least 2^{2n-1} non-isotopic minimal spanning surfaces of genus n.
Non-isotopic Heegaard splittings of non-minimal genus were known previously only for very special 3-manifolds. We show in this paper that they are in fact a wide spread phenomenon in 3-manifold theory: We exhibit a large class of knots and manifolds obtained by Dehn surgery on these knots which admit such splittings. Many of the manifolds have irreducible Heegaard splittings of arbitrary large genus. All these splittings are horizontal and are isotopic, after one stabilization, to a multiple stabilization of certain canonical low genus vertical Heegaard splittings.
We show that after one stabilization, a strongly irreducible Heegaard splitting of suitably large genus of a graph manifold is isotopic to an amalgamation along a modified version of the system of canonical tori in the JSJ decomposition. As a corollary, two strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings of a graph manifold of suitably large genus are isotopic after at most one stabilization of the higher genus splitting.
Suppose M is a compact orientable irreducible 3-manifold with Heegaard splitting surfaces P and Q. Then either Q is isotopic to a possibly stabilized copy of P or the Hempel distance of the splitting P is no greater than twice the genus of Q. More generally, if P and Q are bicompressible but weakly incompressible connected closed separating surfaces in M then either a) P and Q can be well-separated or b) P and Q are isotopic or c) the Hempel distance of P is no greater than twice the genus of Q.
We find a geometric invariant of isotopy classes of strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings of toroidal 3-manifolds. Combining this invariant with a theorem of R Weidmann, proved here in the appendix, we show that a closed, totally orientable Seifert fibered space M has infinitely many isotopy classes of Heegaard splittings of the same genus if and only if M has an irreducible, horizontal Heegaard splitting, has a base orbifold of positive genus, and is not a circle bundle. This characterizes precisely which Seifert fibered spaces satisfy the converse of Waldhausen's conjecture.
Non-isotopic splitting spheres for a split link in $S^4$
该研究证明四维球面$S^4$中存在2分支分裂曲面链环，其补空间有非同痕分裂球面，以特定平凡链环$L_{m,n}$为例验证了该结论，指出这与三维经典链环理论中分裂球面必同痕的结论形成差异。
Hyperbolic isometries of the fine curve graph of higher genus surfaces
该研究针对闭双曲曲面上同痕于恒等映射的同胚，证明了其在精细曲线图上的双曲作用、相对于有限不变集同痕于pseudo-Anosov映射、遍历同调旋转集非空内部这三者的等价性。
The braid axis of a closed 3-braid lifts to a genus one fibered knot in the double cover of S^3 branched over the closed braid. Every (null homologous) genus one fibered knot in a 3-manifold may be obtained in this way. Using this perspective we answer a question of Morimoto about the number of genus one fibered knots in lens spaces. We determine the number of genus one fibered knots up to homeomorphism in any given lens space. This number is 3 in the case of the lens space L(4,1), 2 for the lens spaces L(m,1) with m>0, and at most 1 otherwise.
If a knot K in a closed, orientable 3-manifold M has a bridge surface T with distance at least 3 in the curve complex of T - K, then the genus of any essential surface in its exterior with non-empty, non-meridional boundary gives rise to an upper bound for the bridge number of K with respect to T. In particular, a nontrivial, aspherical, and atoroidal knot K with such a bridge surface has its bridge number bounded by 5 if K has a non-trivial reducing surgery; 6 if K has a non-trivial toroidal surgery; and 4g + 2 if K is null-homologous and has Seifert genus g.
Classification of genus-two surfaces in $S^3$
本文提出了一种算法，用于判断嵌入在S^3中的genus-二曲面是否同胚，结合了3维拓扑技术与自由群问题的新解法。
Any two homologous surfaces of the same genus embedded in a smooth 4-manifold X with simply-connected complements are shown to be smoothly isotopic in the connected sum of X and the product of a 2-sphere with itself, if the surfaces are ordinary, and in the connected sum of X with the non-trivial sphere bundle over the sphere if they are characteristic.
Knotted surfaces with simply-connected complements
研究边界为固定纽结 K 且嵌入单连通四维流形的特定曲面，证明若此类曲面同调，则在相对于边界的拓扑环境同痕下是同痕的。
For Exotic Surfaces with Boundary, One Stabilization is Not Enough
该研究针对带边界怪异曲面单次稳定化是否足以实现光滑同痕的问题，通过Floer理论技术分析稳定化距离随卫星运算的变化，证明4维球中存在稳定化距离任意大的怪异圆盘，给出“一次稳定化不够”的首批例子。
For a closed 4-manifold $X$ and a knot $K$ in the boundary of punctured $X$, we define $γ_X^0(K)$ to be the smallest first Betti number of non-orientable and null-homologous surfaces in punctured $X$ with boundary $K$. Note that $γ^0_{S^4}$ is equal to the non-orientable 4-ball genus and hence $γ^0_X$ is a generalization of the non-orientable 4-ball genus. While it is very likely that for given $X$, $γ^0_X$ has no upper bound, it is difficult to show it. In fact, even in the case of $γ^0_{S^4}$, its non-boundedness was shown for the first time by Batson in 2012. In this paper, we prove that fo…
An adjunction inequality obstruction to isotopy of embedded surfaces in 4-manifolds
本文提出一个伴随不等式障碍，用于判断4-流形中嵌入曲面在微分同胚下是否同痕，并据此构造了无限多个连续同痕但彼此不光顺同痕的嵌入曲面例子。
In this paper, we develop the mathematical tools needed to explore isotopy classes of tilings on hyperbolic surfaces of finite genus, possibly nonorientable, with boundary, and punctured. More specifically, we generalize results on Delaney-Dress combinatorial tiling theory using an extension of mapping class groups to orbifolds, in turn using this to study tilings of covering spaces of orbifolds. Moreover, we study finite subgroups of these mapping class groups. Our results can be used to extend the Delaney-Dress combinatorial encoding of a tiling to yield a finite symbol encoding the complexi…
Non-split, alternating links bound unique Seifert surfaces in the 4-ball
该研究证明非分裂交替链接的Seifert表面在推入4球体后成为光滑同胚，且粘合后的表面总是光滑无结。
We describe for each postive integer $k$ a 3-manifold with Heegaard surfaces of genus $2k$ and $2k-1$ such that any common stabilization of these two surfaces has genus at least $3k-1$. We also show that for every positive $n$, there is a 3-manifold that has $n$ pairwise non-isotopic Heegaard splittings of the same genus all of which are stabilized.
Relative genus bounds in indefinite four-manifolds
本文研究不定闭四维流形中带边界曲面的相对亏格，利用伴随不等式与 $10/8+4$ 定理给出界，并以 H-slice 障碍检测异乎寻常光滑结构。
If K is a rationally null-homologous knot in a 3-manifold M, the rational genus of K is the infimum of -χ(S)/2p over all embedded orientable surfaces S in the complement of K whose boundary wraps p times around K for some p (hereafter: S is a p-Seifert surface for K). Knots with very small rational genus can be constructed by "generic" Dehn filling, and are therefore extremely plentiful. In this paper we show that knots with rational genus less than 1/402 are all geometric -- i.e. they may be isotoped into a special form with respect to the geometric decomposition of M -- and give a complete c…
Non-orientable genus of a knot in punctured $\mathbb{C}P ^2$
本文利用纽结符号差与1-手术所得同调球的Heegaard Floer d不变量，建立穿孔nCP²中不可定向零调曲面第一Betti数的下界，并据此构造任意给定下界的纽结。
A knot K is called n-adjacent to another knot K', if K admits a projection containing n generalized crossings such that changing any 0 < m \leq n of them yields a projection of K'. We apply techniques from the theory of sutured 3-manifolds, Dehn surgery and the theory of geometric structures of 3-manifolds to answer the question of the extent to which non-isotopic knots can be adjacent to each other. A consequence of our main result is that if K is n-adjacent to K' for all n, then K and K' are isotopic. This provides a partial verification of the conjecture of V. Vassiliev that the finite type…
Let K be a knot in S^3 of genus g and let n>0. We show that if rk HFK(K,g) < 2^{n+1} (where HFK denotes knot Floer homology), in particular if K is an alternating knot such that the leading coefficient a_g of its Alexander polynomial satisfies |a_g| <2^{n+1}, then K has at most n pairwise disjoint non-isotopic genus g Seifert surfaces. For n=1 this implies that K has a unique minimal genus Seifert surface up to isotopy.
In this paper we prove genus bounds for closed embedded minimal surfaces in a closed 3-dimensional manifold constructed via min-max arguments. A stronger estimate was announced by Pitts and Rubistein but to our knowledge its proof has never been published. Our proof follows ideas of Simon and uses an extension of a famous result of Meeks, Simon and Yau on the convergence of minimizing sequences of isotopic surfaces. This result is proved in the second part of the paper.
Let M_1 and M_2 be closed, orientable 3-manifolds. Let H_i denote a Heegaard surface in M_i. We prove that if H_1 # H_2 comes from stabilizing a lower genus splitting of M_1 # M_2 then either H_1 or H_2 comes from stabilizing a lower genus splitting. If H_i and G_i are non-isotopic Heegaard surfaces in M_i, and H_i is unstabilized, then we show H_1 # H_2 is not isotopic to G_1 # G_2 in M_1 # M_2. The former result answers a question of C. Gordon (Problem 3.91 from Kirby's problem list).
Unknotting Nonorientable Surfaces of Genus 4 and 5
本文利用Sage计算修正手术障碍，证明D^4中纽结群为Z_2、亏格4或5且边界行列式绝对值为1的不可定向局部平坦曲面相对边界环境同痕，从而对应S^4闭曲面拓扑不打结，并指出方法在亏格6、7时失效。
On the slice genus of quasipositive knots in indefinite 4-manifolds
本文针对满足特定 Seiberg--Witten 不变量条件的不定4-流形，证明了以准正纽结为边界的嵌入曲面的亏格新下界，并在零同调情形下精确确定最小亏格等于切片亏格。
We give an exponential upper and a quadratic lower bound on the number of pairwise non-isotopic simple closed curves can be placed on a closed surface of genus g such that any two of the curves intersects at most once. Although the gap is large, both bounds are the best known for large genus. In genus one and two, we solve the problem exactly. Our methods generalize to variants in which the allowed number of pairwise intersections is odd, even, or bounded, and to surfaces with boundary components.
This note is devoted to a trick which yields almost trivial proofs that certain complexes associated to topological surfaces are connected or simply connected. Applications include new proofs that the complexes of curves, separating curves, nonseparating curves, pants, and cut systems are all connected for genus $g \gg 0$. We also prove that two new complexes are connected : one involves curves which split a genus $2g$ surface into two genus $g$ pieces, and the other involves curves which are homologous to a fixed curve. The connectivity of the latter complex can be interpreted as saying the `…
We give a new characterization of symplectic surfaces in CP^2 via bridge trisections. Specifically, a minimal genus surface in CP^2 is smoothly isotopic to a symplectic surface if and only if it is smoothly isotopic to a surface in transverse bridge position. We discuss several potential applications, including the classification of unit 2-knots, establishing the triviality of Gluck twists, the symplectic isotopy problem, Auroux's proof that every symplectic 4-manifold is a branched cover over CP^2, and the existence of Weinstein trisections. The proof exploits a well-known connection between …
Complex vs convex Morse functions and geodesic open books
本文证明单位切丛上基于可容许划分与有序Morse函数的三种开书分解在适配条件下两两合痕，并刻画了非平面性及亏格一页面的全部情形。
In this paper we will show that two surfaces of the same genus and homology class in a simply connected 4-manifold are concordant. We will show they are often topologically isotopic when their complements have cyclic fundamental group. Finally, we will show that if they are 0-concordant, then surgery on one is equivalent to surgery on the other.
We show that given a partially flat angled ideal triangulation for a 3-manifold $M$ with boundary (as defined by Lackenby), there is an algorithm to produce a list of Heegaard splittings for $M$ such that below a given genus $g$, each isotopy class appears exactly once. In particular, this algorithm determines precisely when two almost normal surfaces represent Heegaard splittings that are isotopic in the ambient 3-manifold. A closely related algorithm determines the smallest genus common stabilization of any two Heegaard splittings on the list. The methods, in fact, characterize isotopies bet…
Convex surfaces with prescribed induced metrics in anti-de Sitter spacetimes
本文证明了在亏格至少为2的闭曲面上，对任意曲率小于-1的度量与双曲度量，存在唯一的拟富克斯反德西特时空，使其包含诱导度量同痕于给定度量的过去凸柯西曲面。
Seifert surfaces in the 4-ball
本研究利用Khovanov同调的配边映射，构造出三维球面中同一纽结的同亏格塞弗特曲面推入四维球后不同痕的例子，解答了Livingston1982年的问题，并验证了配边映射在卫星运算下的稳定性与可计算性。
Knotted handlebodies in the 4-sphere and 5-ball
本文构造了$S^4$中具有相同边界与切割系统但不同痕的3维1-柄体，证明了Budney-Gabai关于亏格至少2的猜想。
Unknotting orientable surfaces
本文证明在4维球面中，具有结群Z的局部平坦嵌入的亏格1或2的可定向曲面必为未打结，并推广至相对情形，结合Freedman工作给出充要条件。
The symplectic isotopy conjecture states that every smooth symplectic surface in $CP^2$ is symplectically isotopic to a complex algebraic curve. Progress began with Gromov's pseudoholomorphic curves [Gro85], and progressed further culminating in Siebert and Tian's proof of the conjecture up to degree 17 [ST05], but further progress has stalled. In this article we provide a new direction of attack on this problem. Using a solution to a nodal symplectic isotopy problem we guide model symplectic isotopies of smooth surfaces. This results in an equivalence between the smooth symplectic isotopy pro…
The Andreev-Thurston theorem states that for any triangulation of a closed orientable surface Σ_g of genus g which is covered by a simple graph in the universal cover, there exists a unique metric of curvature 1, 0 or -1 on the surface depending on whether g=0, 1 or \ge 2 such that the surface with this metric admits a circle packing with combinatorics given by the triangulation. Furthermore, the circle packing is essentially rigid, that is, unique up to conformal automorphisms of the surface isotopic to the identity. In this paper, we consider projective structures on the surface Σ_g where ci…
In this paper, we study the global behaviour of contact structures on oriented manifolds V which are circle bundles over a closed orientable surface S of genus g>0. We establish in particular contact analogs of a number of classical results about foliations due to Milnor, Wood, Thurston, Matsumoto, and Ghys. In Section~1, we prove that V carries a (positive) contact structure transverse to the fibers if and only if the Euler number of the fibration is less or equal to 2g-2. In Section~2, we show that, for any contact structure $ξ$ on V, one of the following properties holds: either $ξ$ is isot…
Dax invariants, light bulbs, and isotopies of symplectic structures
本文通过推广Dax不变量，研究了4维流形上辛结构的同伦问题，证明了非理性纤维面的辛形式空间具有无限多个连通分支，并给出了首个闭合4维流形中形式同伦但非同伦的辛形式例子。
Essential factors for surface homeomorphisms
针对亏格至少为1的闭可定向曲面上同痕于伪阿诺索夫自同胚的自同胚，通过坍缩万有覆盖中迭代直径一致有界的极大连续统构造单调因子，该因子具强混沌特征且可保面积，其极大熵测度为全支撑伯努利测度。
If R is a nonseparating simple closed curve on the boundary of a genus two handlebody H and H[R] has incompressible boundary, then there exists a unique arc omega in bdry(H), meeting R only in its endpoints, such that, omega is isotopic in bdry(H), keeping its endpoints on R, to a nontrivial wave based at R in each Heegaard diagram of R on bdry(H) which has no cut-vertex. Then surgery on R along its "distinguished-wave" omega yields a pair of simple closed curves, say m_1 and m_2, in bdry(H), each representing an "omega-determined-slope" m on bdry(H[R]), that depends only on R and H. A few con…
Fintushel and Stern have proved that if S \subset X is a symplectic surface in a symplectic 4-manifold such that S has simply-connected complement and nonnegative self-intersection, then there are infinitely many topologically equivalent but smoothly distinct embedded surfaces homologous to S. Here we extend this result to include symplectic surfaces whose self-intersection is bounded below by 2-2g, where g is the genus of S. We make use of tools from Heegaard Floer theory, and include several results that may be of independent interest. Specifically we give an analogue for Ozsvath-Szabo invar…
Embedded surfaces with infinite cyclic knot group
研究4维流形中局部平坦、紧致、定向面的性质，探讨同胚与同调关系的代数拓扑条件，证明特定4维流形的同胚性。
Suppose $S$ is a surface of genus $\ge 2 $, $f: S \to S$ is a surface homeomorphism isotopic to a pseudo-Anosov map $α$ and suppose $\ti S$ is the universal cover of $S$ and $F$ and $A$ are lifts of $f$ and $α$ respectively. We show there is a semiconjugacy $Θ: \ti S \to \bar Ł^s \times \bar Ł^u$ from $F$ to $\bar A$, where $\bar Ł^s$ ($\bar Ł^u$) is the completion of the $R$-tree of leaves of the stable (resp. unstable) foliation for $A$ and $\bar A$ is the map induced by $A$. We also generalize a result of Markovich and show that for any $g \in Homeo(S)$ which commutes with $f$ and has ident…
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