Michael Lacey, Xiaochun Li
In a prior work [Hilbert transform along smooth families of lines math.CA/0310345] the authors introduced a variant of the Kakeya maximal function associated with Lipschitz maps from the plane into the unit circle. In this paper, we improve the known estimates for this maximal operator--and raise the conjecture that the bounds established are optimal.
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We shall verify the Kakeya (Nikodym) maximal operator $K_{N}$, $N\gg 1$, is bounded on the variable Lebesgue space $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^2)$ when the exponent function $p(\cdot)$ is $N$-modified locally log-Hölder continuous and log-Hölder continuous at infinity.
A Kakeya maximal estimate for regulus strips
研究扭歪直线带的卡克亚型估计，通过证明其不相交对卡克亚猜想有改进，还建立了第一海森堡群中尼科迪姆型极大函数的\(L^p\)不等式。
A (d,k) set is a subset of R^d containing a translate of every k-dimensional plane. Bourgain showed that for 2^{k-1}+k \geq d, every (d,k) set has positive Lebesgue measure. We give an L^p bound for the corresponding maximal operator.
In this paper, we will introduce and study several types of Kakeya inequalities by the maximal functions in Hardy spaces in $\RR^n$,\,$(n\geq2)$, and we could obtain several inequalities associated with the Kakeya inequalities. We will show that $\big\|M^t_{δS_{α,β}} f \big\|_p\lesssim_{p,n,φ,\varepsilon}\left(\frac{1}δ\right)^{5\left(\frac{n}{r}+2\right)\varepsilon}\big\|f\big\|_p$, when $f(x)\in L^p(\RR^n)$ and $supp\,\hat{f}(ξ)\subseteq B(0,1)$.
Equivalence of linear and trilinear Kakeya conjectures in three dimensions
本文证明三维中 Kakeya 极大算子猜想与其不相交三线性对偶形式彼此等价。
Bilinear Bochner-Riesz means for convex domains and Kakeya Maximal function
该研究引入平面凸域相关的双线性Bochner-Riesz平均，借助双线性Kakeya极大函数建立其$L^p$估计以证明有界性，并揭示该极大函数与Lacey双线性极大函数的联系。
We develop a notion of finite order lacunarity for direction sets in $\mathbb R^{d+1}$. Given a direction set $Ω$ that is sublacunary according to this definition, we construct random examples of Euclidean sets that contain unit line segments with directions from $Ω$ and enjoy analytical features similar to those of traditional Kakeya sets of infinitesimal Lebesgue measure. This generalizes to higher dimensions a planar result due to Bateman. Combined with earlier work of Alfonseca, Bateman, Parcet and Rogers, this notion of lacunarity and Kakeya-type sets also yields a characterization in all…
We prove that the maximal operator obtained by taking averages at scale 1 along $N$ arbitrary directions on the sphere, is bounded in $L^2(\R^3)$ by $N^{1/4}{\log N}$. When the directions are $N^{-1/2}$ separated, we improve the bound to $N^{1/4}\sqrt{\log N}$. Apart from the logarithmic terms these bounds are optimal.
Restriction and Kakeya maximal estimates in $\mathbb{R}^4$
该研究结合平面刷论证与解耦- incidence方法，推导出R^4中Fourier限制和Bochner-Riesz问题的新界，并获得维度3.054的凯凯ya极大估计。
We show that for any dimension $d\ge3$, one can obtain Wolff's $L^{(d+2)/2}$ bound on Kakeya-Nikodym maximal function in $\mathbb R^d$ for $d\ge3$ without the induction on scales argument. The key ingredient is to reduce to a 2-dimensional $L^2$ estimate with an auxiliary maximal function. We also prove that the same $L^{(d+2)/2}$ bound holds for Nikodym maximal function for any manifold $(M^d,g)$ with constant curvature, which generalizes Sogge's results for $d=3$ to any $d\ge3$. As in the 3-dimensional case, we can handle manifolds of constant curvature due to the fact that, in this case, tw…
A (d,k) set is a subset of R^d containing a translate of every k-dimensional plane. Bourgain showed that for k \geq k_{cr}(d), where k_{cr}(d) solves 2^{k_{cr}-1}+k_{cr} = d, every (d,k) set has positive Lebesgue measure. We give a short proof of this result which allows for an improved L^p estimate of the corresponding maximal operator, and which demonstrates that a lower value of k_{cr} could be obtained if improved mixed-norm estimates for the x-ray transform were known.
Given a family G of rectangles, to which one associates a tree [G], one defines a natural number $λ$ [G] called its analytic split and satisfying, for all 1 < p < $\infty$ log($λ$ [G]) p MG p p where MG is the Hardy-Littlewood type maximal operator associated to the family G. As an application, we completely characterize the boundeness of planar rarefied directional maximal operators on L p for 1 < p < $\infty$. Precisely, if $Ω$ is an arbitrary set of angles in [0, $π$ 4), we prove that any rarefied basis B of the directional basis R $Ω$ yields an operator MB that has the same L p-behavior th…
A Kakeya maximal function estimate in four dimensions using planebrushes
本文提出平面刷这一新几何工具，在四维空间中改进了Kakeya极大函数估计，得到维度3.049的极大函数估计，并证明Besicovitch集合的Hausdorff维数至少为3.059。
We derive Maximal Kakeya estimates for functions over $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ proving the Maximal Kakeya conjecture for $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ for general $N$ as stated by Hickman and Wright [HW18]. The proof involves using polynomial method and linear algebra techniques from [Dha21, Ars21a, DD21] and generalizing a probabilistic method argument from [DD22]. As another application we give lower bounds for the size of $(m,ε)$-Kakeya sets over $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$. Using these ideas we also give a new, simpler, and direct proof for Maximal Kakeya bounds over finite fields (which were firs…
Suppose that $(X,d,μ)$ is a metric measure space of finite Hausdorff dimension and that, for every Lipschitz $f \colon X \to \mathbb R$, $\operatorname{Lip}(f,\cdot)$ is dominated by every upper gradient of $f$. We show that $X$ is a Lipschitz differentiability space, and the differentiable structure of $X$ has dimension at most $\dim_{\mathrm{H}} X$. Since our assumptions are satisfied whenever $X$ is doubling and satisfies a Poincaré inequality, we thus obtain a new proof of Cheeger's generalisation of Rademacher's theorem. Our approach uses Guth's multilinear Kakeya inequality for neighbour…
We adapt Guth's polynomial partitioning argument for the Fourier restriction problem to the context of the Kakeya problem. By writing out the induction argument as a recursive algorithm, additional multiscale geometric information is made available. To take advantage of this, we prove that direction-separated tubes satisfy a multiscale version of the polynomial Wolff axioms. Altogether, this yields improved bounds for the Kakeya maximal conjecture in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with $n=5$ or $n\ge 7$ and improved bounds for the Kakeya set conjecture for an infinite sequence of dimensions.
We discuss a planar variant of the Kakeya maximal function in the setting of a vector space over a finite field. Using methods from incidence combinatorics, we demonstrate that the operator is bounded from $L^p$ to $L^q$ when $1 \leq p \leq \frac{kn+k+1}{k(k+1)}$ and $1 \leq q \leq (n-k)p'$.
We completely characterize the boundedness of planar directional maximal operators on L^p. More precisely, if Omega is a set of directions, we show that M_Omega, the maximal operator associated to line segments in the directions Omega, is unbounded on L^p, for all p < infinity, precisely when Omega admits Kakeya-type sets. In fact, we show that if Omega does not admit Kakeya sets, then Omega is a generalized lacunary set, and hence M_Omega is bounded on L^p, for p>1.
We reprove Wolff's $L^{\frac{5}2}-$ bound for the $\R^3-$Kakeya maximal function without appealing to the argument of induction on scales. The main ingredient in our proof is an adaptation of Sogge's strategy used in the work on Nikodym-type sets in curved spaces. Although the equivalence between these two type maximal functions is well known, our proof may shed light on some new geometric observations which is interesting in its own right.
In the finite field setting, we show that the restriction conjecture associated to any one of a large family of $d=2n+1$ dimensional quadratic surfaces implies the $n+1$ dimensional Kakeya conjecture (Dvir's theorem). This includes the case of the paraboloid over finite fields in which $-1$ \emph{is} a square. We are able to partially reverse this implication using the sharp Kakeya maximal operator estimates of Ellenberg, Oberlin and Tao to establish the first finite field restriction estimates beyond the Stein-Tomas exponent in this setting.
We prove that the Kakeya maximal conjecture is equivalent to the $Ω$-Kakeya maximal conjecture. This completes a recent result in [2] where Keleti and Math{é} proved that the Kakeya conjecture is equivalent to the $Ω$-Kakeya conjecture. Moreover, we improve concrete bound on the Hausdorff dimension of a $Ω$-Kakeya set : for any Bore set $Ω$ in S n--1 , we prove that if X $\subset$ R n contains for any e $\in$ $Ω$ a unit segment oriented along e then we have dX $\ge$ 6 11 d$Ω$ + 1 where dE denotes the Hausdorff dimension of a set E.
An $L^{4/3}$ $SL_2$ Kakeya maximal inequality
本文构造性地证明了R³中存在零测度SL₂ Besicovitch集，由此说明SL₂ Kakeya极大不等式不能以一致常数成立；进一步给出p>3/2时的反例，并在二维球条件下证明p≤4/3时该不等式在C_εδ^{-ε}损失下成立。
We obtain new bounds for the Kakeya maximal conjecture in most dimensions $n<100$, as well as improved bounds for the Kakeya set conjecture when $n=7$ or $9$. For this we consider Guth and Zahl's strengthened formulation of the maximal conjecture, concerning families of tubes that satisfy the polynomial Wolff axioms. Our results give improved estimates for this strengthened formulation when $n =5$ or $n \geq 7$.
Kakeya maximal inequality in the Heisenberg group
本文在配备 Korányi 距离的海森堡群中定义了 Kakeya 极大函数，利用 Wolff 圆形极大函数定理的变体证明了其 $L^3$ 范数不等式，并由此恢复了海森堡 Kakeya 集 Hausdorff 维度的精确下界。
I show that $L^{p}-L^{q}$ estimates for the Kakeya maximal function yield lower bounds for the conformal dimension of Kakeya sets, and upper bounds for how much quasisymmetries can increase the Hausdorff dimension of line segments inside Kakeya sets. Combining the known $L^{p}-L^{q}$ estimates of Wolff and Katz-Tao with the main result of the paper, the conformal dimension of Kakeya sets in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ is at least $\max\{(n + 2)/2,(4n + 3)/7\}$. Moreover, if $f$ is a quasisymmetry from a Kakeya set $K \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$ onto any at most $n$-dimensional metric space, the $f$-image of …
Given a Cantor-type subset $Ω$ of a smooth curve in $\mathbb R^{d+1}$, we construct examples of sets that contain unit line segments with directions from $Ω$ and exhibit analytical features similar to those of classical Kakeya sets of arbitrarily small $(d+1)$-dimensional Lebesgue measure. The construction is based on probabilistic methods relying on the tree structure of $Ω$, and extends to higher dimensions an analogous planar result of Bateman and Katz. In particular, the existence of such sets implies that the directional maximal operator associated with the direction set $Ω$ is unbounded …
Refinements on the Restriction and Kakeya problems range in $\mathbb{R}^4$
通过证明两个两端点关联估计，改进了 $\mathbb{R}^4$ 中 Fourier 限制性与 Kakeya 极大估计的范围，并探讨了对 Kakeya 集维数下界和 Bochner--Riesz 猜想的影响。
this paper has been withdrawn. A crucial estimate on a Lipschitz variant of the Kakeya maximal function has an incomplete proof.
The Kakeya problem for codimension-two planes in $\mathbb{R}^n$
研究n≥4时ℝⁿ中满足凸Wolff公理的余维二平面Kakeya问题，证明此类δ片的并集具有几乎最大体积，是Wang和Zahl工作的高维推广，还解决了ℝ⁴中满足曲率条件的Rogers 2平面Kakeya问题。
Cellular Maximal-Density Factoring: Joint Shadings, Stable Refinements, and a Conditional Kakeya Application
针对Guth–Wang–Zahl三维Kakeya简化证明的两处缺陷，提出细胞联合极大密度分解方法修正，完成关键估计与链推导，证明对应幂为尖锐值。
We prove optimal bounds in L^2(R^2) for the maximal oper- ator obtained by taking a singular integral along N arbitrary directions in the plane. We also give a new proof for the optimal L^2 bound for the single scale Kakeya maximal function.
Directional maximal operators in the plane
本研究针对平面方向极大算子$D_{\Omega}$的Lebesgue有界性问题，修正了Bateman 2009年相关证明的漏洞，引入可容许有限阶缺隙性概念，建立了有限阶缺隙性、无Kakeya型集合与算子有界性的等价刻画。
Let $M$ be the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function and $b$ be a locally integrable function. Denote by $M_b$ and $[b,M]$ the maximal commutator and the (nonlinear) commutator of $M$ with $b$. In this paper, the author consider the boundedness of $M_b$ and $[b,M]$ on Lebesgue spaces and Morrey spaces when $b$ belongs to the Lipschitz space, by which some new characterizations of the Lipschitz spaces are given.
We study the linearized maximal operator associated with dilates of the hyperbolic cross multiplier in dimension two. Assuming a Lipschitz condition and a lower bound on the linearizing function, we obtain $L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{2}) \to L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{2})$ bounds for all $1<p <\infty$. We discuss various related results.
Our aim is to characterize the Lipschitz functions by variable exponent Lebesgue spaces. We give some characterizations of the boundedness of the maximal or nonlinear commutators of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function and sharp maximal function in variable exponent Lebesgue spaces when the symbols $b$ belong to the Lipschitz spaces, by which some new characterizations of Lipschitz spaces and nonnegative Lipschitz functions are obtained. Some equivalent relations between the Lipschitz norm and the variable exponent Lebesgue norm are also given.
Characterization of Lipschitz Spaces via Commutators of Fractional Maximal Function on the $p$-Adic Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces
本文在 $p$-adic 变指数 Lebesgue 空间上，通过分数次极大算子交换子的有界性刻画了 Lipschitz 空间，并给出了 Lipschitz 范数与变指数 Lebesgue 范数的等价关系。
On Maximal Functions Associated to Families of Curves in the Plane
本文提出统一框架研究平面曲线族极大函数，证明尖锐L^p算子界，并应用于受限投影和Furstenberg型集合维数问题。
Horizontal Kakeya maximal operators in finite Heisenberg groups: Exact exponents and applications
研究有限Heisenberg群中与水平线相关的Kakeya极大算子，通过傅里叶分析得到秩一时精确的混合范数增长指数，并应用于组合几何中的点线配置问题。
Necessary and sufficient conditions for boundedness of commutators of fractional maximal function in variable Lebesgue spaces on stratified groups
本文在分层 Lie 群背景下，利用分数次极大算子的极大或非线性交换子在变 Lebesgue 空间上的映射性质，获得了 Lipschitz 空间和非负 Lipschitz 函数的新刻画，并给出了 Lipschitz 范数与变 Lebesgue 范数之间的等价关系。
In this paper, the main aim is to consider the boundedness of commutators of multilinear Calderón-Zygmund operators with Lipschitz functions in the context of the variable exponent Lebesgue spaces. Furthermore, the variable versions of the Lipschitz spaces are also discussed, and with the help of a key tool of a pointwise estimate involving the sharp maximal operator of the multilinear fractional commutator and certain associated maximal operators.
We prove L2 x L2 to weak L1 estimates for some novel bilinear maximal operators of Kakeya and lacunary type thus extending to this setting, the works of Cordoba and of Nagel, Stein and Wainger.
Commutators for the maximal and sharp functions with weighted Lipschitz functions on weighted Morrey spaces
研究加权Morrey空间上Hardy-Littlewood极大函数与sharp极大函数交换子的有界性，并据此给出加权Lipschitz函数的新刻画。
Let $0<α<n$ and $M_α$ be the fractional maximal function. The nonlinear commutator of $M_α$ and a locally integrable function $b$ is given by $[b,M_α](f)=bM_α(f)-M_α(bf)$. In this paper, we mainly give some necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of $[b,M_α]$ on variable Lebesgue spaces when $b$ belongs to Lipschitz or $BMO(\rn)$ spaces, by which some new characterizations for certain subclasses of Lipschitz and $BMO(\rn)$ spaces are obtained.
This paper provides equivalence characterizations of homogeneous Triebel-Lizorkin and Besov-Lipschitz spaces, denoted by $\dot{F}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and $\dot{B}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ respectively, in terms of maximal functions of the mean values of iterated difference. It also furnishes the reader with inequalities in $\dot{F}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ in terms of iterated difference and in terms of iterated difference along coordinate axes. The corresponding inequalities in $\dot{B}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ in terms of iterated difference and in terms of iterated difference along coordinate …
Characterization of Lipschitz functions via commutators of maximal operators on slice spaces
本文研究分数次极大算子与锐极大算子的交换子在切片空间上的有界性，针对Lipschitz函数给出充分必要条件，并由此获得非负Lipschitz函数的新刻画。
We obtain sharp bounds for the modulus of continuity of the uncentered maximal function in terms of the modulus of continuity of the given function, via integral formulas. Some of the results deduced from these formulas are the following: The best constants for Lipschitz and Hölder functions on proper subintervals of $\mathbb{R}$ are $\operatorname{Lip}_α( Mf) \le (1 + α)^{-1}\operatorname{Lip}_α( f)$, $α\in (0,1]$. On $\mathbb{R}$, the best bound for Lipschitz functions is $ \operatorname{Lip} ( Mf) \le (\sqrt2 -1)\operatorname{Lip}( f).$ In higher dimensions, we determine the asymptotic beha…
We show that, for $n\geq 3$, $\lim_{t \to 0} e^{itΔ}f(x) = f(x)$ holds almost everywhere for all $f \in H^s (\mathbb{R}^n)$ provided that $s>\frac{n}{2(n+1)}$. Due to a counterexample by Bourgain, up to the endpoint, this result is sharp and fully resolves a problem raised by Carleson. Our main theorem is a fractal $L^2$ restriction estimate, which also gives improved results on the size of divergence set of Schrödinger solutions, the Falconer distance set problem and the spherical average Fourier decay rates of fractal measures. The key ingredients of the proof include multilinear Kakeya esti…
Commutators of the maximal and sharp functions with weighted Lipschitz functions
本文研究了Hardy-Littlewood极大函数与加权Lipschitz函数形成的极大交换子和非线性交换子在加权Lebesgue空间上的有界性，并给出了加权Lipschitz空间的新刻画，同时将类似结果推广到锐函数的非线性交换子。
Maximal directional operators along algebraic varieties
本文建立了沿任意维数多项式簇上有限方向集的极大方向平均算子的 $L^2$ 范数的尖锐增长阶，推广了 Córdoba、Katz 和 Demeter 的工作，并改进了球面情形的已知界，同时给出 Kakeya 型极大函数的新估计。
We study Lipschitz differentiability spaces, a class of metric measure spaces introduced by Cheeger. We show that if an Ahlfors regular Lipschitz differentiability space has charts of maximal dimension, then, at almost every point, all its tangents are uniformly rectifiable. In particular, at almost every point, such a space admits a tangent that is isometric to a finite-dimensional Banach space. In contrast, we also show that if an Ahlfors regular Lipschitz differentiability space has charts of non-maximal dimension, then these charts are strongly unrectifiable in the sense of Ambrosio-Kirchh…
A higher-dimensional Schrödinger maximal estimate along families of bi-Lipschitz curves
该研究针对双利普希茨曲线族，在不同上闵可夫斯基维数范围下，建立高维薛定谔极大估计的阈值，证明依赖分形L²估计等技术，推进了薛定谔极大估计理论。
Let $V = \{ v_1,\dots,v_N\}$ be a collection of $N$ vectors that live near a discrete sphere. We consider discrete directional maximal functions on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ where the set of directions lies in $V$, given by \[ \sup_{v \in V, k \geq C \log N} \left| \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} f(x-v\cdot n ) \cdot ϕ_k(n) \right|, \ f:\mathbb{Z}^2 \to \mathbb{C}, \] where and $ϕ_k(t) := 2^{-k} ϕ(2^{-k} t)$ for some bump function $ϕ$. Interestingly, the study of these operators leads one to consider an "arithmetic version" of a Kakeya-type problem in the plane, which we approach using a combination of geometric…
Maximal Polynomial Modulations of Singular Radon Transforms
该研究证明了环面上各向异性尺度Calderón-Zygmund算子的极大多项式调制的$L^2 \ o L^p$估计并优化了常数，还推导了沿抛物线的光滑化Hilbert变换的极大多项式调制的有界性结论。
We study generalized Poincaré inequalities. We prove that if a function satisfies a suitable inequality of Poincaré type, then the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function also obeys a meaningful estimate of similar form. As a by-product, we get a unified approach to proving that the maximal operator is bounded on Sobolev, Lipschitz and BMO spaces.
We show that maximal causal curves for a Lipschitz continuous Lorentzian metric admit a $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-parametrization and that they solve the geodesic equation in the sense of Filippov in this parametrization. Our proof shows that maximal causal curves are either everywhere lightlike or everywhere timelike. Furthermore, the proof demonstrates that maximal causal curves for an $α$-Hölder continuous Lorentzian metric admit a $\mathcal{C}^{1,\fracα{4}}$-parametrization.
Let $ v$ be a smooth vector field on the plane, that is a map from the plane to the unit circle. We study sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the Hilbert transform \operatorname H_{v, ε}f(x) := \text{p.v.}\int_{-ε}^ εf(x-yv(x)) \frac{dy}y where $ ε$ is a suitably chosen parameter, determined by the smoothness properties of the vector field. It is a conjecture, due to E.\thinspace M.\thinspace Stein, that if $ v$ is Lipschitz, there is a positive $ ε$ for which the transform above is bounded on $ L ^{2}$. Our principal result gives a sufficient condition in terms of the boundedness of …
The purpose of this paper is to obtain an integral representation for the difference $f(L_1)-f(L_2)$ of functions of maximal dissipative operators. This representation in terms of double operator integrals will allow us to establish Lipschitz type estimates for functions of maximal dissipative operators. We also consider a similar problem for quasicommutators, i.e., operators of the form $f(L_1)R-Rf(L_2)$.
In this paper, we pursue the study of harmonic functions on the real hyperbolic ball started by the second named author. Our focus here is on the theory of Hardy, Hardy-Sobolev and Lipschitz spaces of these functions. We prove here that these spaces admit Fefferman-Stein like characterizations in terms of maximal and square functionals. We further prove that the hyperbolic harmonic extension of Lipschitz functions on the boundary extend into Lipschitz functions on the whole ball.
In this paper, for general plane curves $γ$ satisfying some suitable smoothness and curvature conditions, we obtain the single annulus $L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$-boundedness of the Hilbert transforms $H^\infty_{U,γ}$ along the variable plane curves $(t,U(x_1, x_2)γ(t))$ and the $L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$-boundedness of the corresponding maximal functions $M^\infty_{U,γ}$, where $p>2$ and $U$ is a measurable function. The range on $p$ is sharp. Furthermore, for $1<p\leq 2$, under the additional conditions that $U$ is Lipschitz and making a $\varepsilon_0$-truncation with $γ(2 \varepsilon_0)\leq 1/4\|U\|_{\te…
We prove that the maximal operator associated with variable homogeneous planar curves $(t, u t^α)_{t\in \mathbb{R}}$, $α\not=1$ positive, is bounded on $L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$ for each $p>1$, under the assumption that $u:\mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$ is a Lipschitz function. Furthermore, we prove that the Hilbert transform associated with $(t, ut^α)_{t\in \mathbb{R}}$, $α\not=1$ positive, is bounded on $L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$ for each $p>1$, under the assumption that $u:\mathbb{R}^2\to \mathbb{R}$ is a measurable function and is constant in the second variable. Our proofs rely on stationary phase metho…
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