Walter Bergweiler, Alexandre Eremenko
We prove Polya's conjecture of 1943: For a real entire function of order greater than 2, with finitely many non-real zeros, the number of non-real zeros of the n-th derivative tends to infinity with n. We use the saddle point method and potential theory, combined with the theory of analytic functions with positive imaginary part in the upper half-plane.
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A separated sequence $Λ$ on the real line is called a Polya sequence if any entire function of zero exponential type bounded on $Λ$ is constant. In this paper we solve the problem by Polya and Levinson that asks for a description of Polya sets. We also show that the Polya-Levinson problem is equivalent to a version of the so-called Beurling gap problem on Fourier transforms of measures. The solution is obtained via a recently developed approach based on the use of Toeplitz kernels and de Branges spaces of entire functions.
Analogous to the use of sums of squares of certain real-valued special functions to prove the reality of the zeros of the Bessel functions J_α(z) when α\ge -1, confluent hypergeometric functions {}_0F_1(c; z) when c > 0 or 0 > c > -1, Laguerre polynomials L_n^α(z) when α\ge -2, Jacobi polynomials P_n^{(α,β)}(z) when α\ge -1 and β\ge -1, and some other entire special functions considered in G. Gasper [Using sums of squares to prove that certain entire functions have only real zeros, in Fourier Analysis: Analytic and Geometric Aspects, W. O. Bray, P. S. Milojević and C. V. Stanojević, eds., Marc…
Zero asymptotics for successive derivatives of hyperexponential functions with finite essential singularities
研究超指数函数连续导数的零分布，揭示其在有限本质奇点下的渐近行为，扩展了Pólya理论的应用范围，推导出新的零计数定律和微观规律。
For an entire function $f(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k z^k, a_k>0,$ we show that $f$ does not belong to the Laguerre-Pólya class if the quotients $\frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_{n-2}a_n}$ are increasing in $n$, and $c:= \lim\limits_{n\to \infty} \frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_{n-2}a_n}$ is smaller than an absolute constant $q_\infty$ $(q_\infty\approx 3{.}2336) .$
We find the intervals $[α, β(α)]$ such that if a univariate real polynomial or entire function $f(z) = a_0 + a_1 z + a_2 z^2 + \cdots $ with positive coefficients satisfy the conditions $ \frac{a_{k-1}^2}{a_{k-2}a_{k}} \in [α, β(α)]$ for all $k \geq 2,$ then $f$ belongs to the Laguerre--Pólya class. For instance, from J.I.~Hutchinson's theorem, one can observe that $f$ belongs to the Laguerre--Pólya class (has only real zeros) when $q_k(f) \in [4, + \infty).$ We are interested in finding those intervals which are not subsets of $[4, + \infty).$
We study the entire functions $f(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k z^k, a_k>0,$ with non-monotonic second quotients of Taylor coefficients, namely, such that $\frac{a_{2m-1}^2}{a_{2m-2}a_{2m}} = a>1$ and $\frac{a_{2m}^2}{a_{2m-1}a_{2m+1}} = b>1$ for all $m \in \mathbb{N}.$ We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions under which such functions belong to the Laguerre-Pólya I class.
In this paper, we discuss the conditions for the function $F_a(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{z^k}{(a+1)(a^2+1) \ldots (a^k+1)}, a>1,$ to belong to the Laguerre-Pólya class, or to have only real zeros.
The indicator diagram theory for maximal type entire functions and the characterization of analytic continuability
通过引入扩展复平面，将Pólya指示图理论推广至阶数≤1的最大型整函数，建立Laplace变换及其逆变换，并证明Pólya定理的类比，进而推广幂级数解析延拓性的刻画。
For an entire function $f(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k z^k, a_k>0,$ we show that if $f$ belongs to the Laguerre-Pólya class, and the quotients $q_k := \frac{a_{k-1}^2}{a_{k-2}a_k}, k=2, 3, \ldots $ satisfy the condition $q_2 \leq q_3,$ then $f$ has at least one zero in the segment $[-\frac{a_1}{a_2},0].$ We also give necessary conditions and sufficient conditions of the existence of such a zero in terms of the quotients $q_k$ for $k=2,3, 4.$
We prove that if $f(x) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k,$ $a_k >0, $ is an entire function such that the sequence $Q := \left( \frac{a_k^2}{a_{k-1}a_{k+1}} \right)_{k=1}^\infty$ is non-decreasing and $\frac{a_1^2}{a_{0}a_{2}} \geq 2\sqrt[3]{2},$ then all but a finite number of zeros of $f$ are real and simple. We also present a criterion in terms of the closest to zero roots for such a function to have only real zeros (in other words, for belonging to the Laguerre--Pólya class of type I) under additional assumption on the sequence $Q.$
We prove that the signs of the Maclaurin coefficients of a wide class of entire functions that belong to the Laguerre-Pólya class posses a regular behaviour.
We characterize linear operators preserving zero-restrictions on entire functions in weighted Bargmann-Fock spaces. The characterization extends previous results of J. Borcea and the author to the realm of entire functions, and translates into an optimal, albeit formal, Lee-Yang theorem.
If f is a real entire function and ff" has only real zeros then f belongs to the Laguerre-Polya class, the closure of the set of real polynomials with real zeros. This result completes a long line of development originating from a conjecture of Wiman in 1914.
Let $ϕ(x)=\sum α_n x^n$ be a formal power series with real coefficients, and let $D$ denote differentiation. It is shown that "for every real polynomial $f$ there is a positive integer $m_0$ such that $ϕ(D)^mf$ has only real zeros whenever $m\geq m_0$" if and only if "$α_0=0$ or $2α_0α_2 - α_1^2 <0$", and that if $ϕ$ does not represent a Laguerre-Pólya function, then there is a Laguerre-Pólya function $f$ of genus $0$ such that for every positive integer $m$, $ϕ(D)^mf$ represents a real entire function having infnitely many nonreal zeros.
In this paper we fully describe functions generating the infinite totally nonnegative Hurwitz matrices. In particular, we generalize the well-known result by Asner and Kemperman on the total nonnegativity of the Hurwitz matrices of real stable polynomials. An alternative criterion for entire functions to generate a Pólya frequency sequence is also obtained. The results are based on a connection between a factorization of totally nonnegative matrices of the Hurwitz type and the expansion of Stieltjes meromorphic functions into Stieltjes continued fractions (regular $C$-fractions with positive c…
The concept of stability, originally introduced for polynomials, will be extended to apply to the class of entire functions. This generalization will be called Hurwitz stablility and the class of Hurwitz stable functions will serve as the main focus of this paper. A first theorem will show how, given a function of either of the Stieltjes classes, a Hurwitz stable function might be constructed. A second approach to constructing Hurwitz stable functions, based on using additional functions from the Laguerre-Pólya class, will be presented in a second theorem.
An exponential polynomial of order $q$ is an entire function of the form $$ f(z)=P_1(z)e^{Q_1(z)}+\cdots +P_k(z)e^{Q_k(z)}, $$ where the coefficients $P_j(z),Q_j(z)$ are polynomials in $z$ such that $$ \max\{°{Q_j}\}=q. $$ In 1977 Steinmetz proved that the zeros of $f$ lying outside of finitely many logarithmic strips around so called critical rays have exponent of convergence $\leq q-1$. This result does not say nothing about the zero distribution of $f$ in each individual logarithmic strip. Here, it is shown that the asymptotic growth of the non-integrated counting function of zeros of $f$ i…
We characterize all linear operators which preserve spaces of entire functions whose zeros lie in a closed strip. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the related problem with real entire functions, and some classical theorems of de Bruijn and Pólya are extended. Specifically, we reveal new differential operators which map real entire functions whose zeros lie in a strip into real entire functions whose zeros lie in a narrower strip; this is one of the properties that characterize a "strong universal factor" as defined by de Bruijn. Using elementary methods, we prove a theorem …
On the number of real critical points of logarithmic derivatives and the Hawaii conjecture
本文研究了实整函数对数导数的实零点数目关系，通过建立$Q$与$Q_1$实零点数目的联系，成功证明了Hawaii猜想。
For an entire function $f(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k z^k,$ $a_k >0,$ we define the sequence of the second quotients of Taylor coefficients $Q := \left( \frac{a_k^2}{a_{k-1}a_{k+1}} \right)_{k=1}^\infty$. We find new necessary conditions for a function with a non-decreasing sequence $Q$ to belong to the Laguerre--Pólya class of type I. We also estimate the possible number of nonreal zeros for a function with a non-decreasing sequence $Q.$
In this work we study the solutions of the equation $z^pR(z^k)=α$ with nonzero complex $α$, integer $p,k$ and $R(z)$ generating a (possibly doubly infinite) totally positive sequence. It is shown that the zeros of $z^pR(z^k)-α$ are simple (or at most double in the case of real $α^k$) and split evenly among the sectors $\{\frac jk π\le\operatorname{Arg} z\le\frac {j+1}k π\}$, $j=0,\dots, 2k-1$. Our approach rests on the fact that $z(\ln z^{p/k}R(z) )'$ is an $\mathcal R$-function (i.e. maps the upper half of the complex plane into itself). This result guarantees the same localization to zeros o…
In this paper we consider the question of sampling for spaces of entire functions of exponential type in several variables. The novelty resides in the growth condition we impose, that is, that their restriction to a hypersurface is square integrable with respect to a natural measure. The hypersurface we consider is the boundary $b\mathcal U$ of the Siegel upper half-space $\mathcal U$ and it is fundamental that $b\mathcal U$ can be identified with the Heisenberg group $\mathbb H_n$. We consider entire functions in $\mathbb C^{n+1}$ of exponential type with respect to the hypersurface $b\mathca…
We introduce and study a family of spaces of entire functions in one variable that generalise the classical Paley-Wiener and Bernstein spaces. Namely, we consider entire functions of exponential type $a$ whose restriction to the real line belongs to the homogeneous Sobolev space $\dot{W}^{s,p}$ and we call these spaces fractional Paley-Wiener if $p=2$ and fractional Bernstein spaces if $p\in(1,\infty)$, that we denote by $PW^s_a$ and $\mathcal B^{s,p}_a$, respectively. For these spaces we provide a Paley-Wiener type characterization, we remark some facts about the sampling problem in the Hilbe…
Laguerre's theorem regarding the number of non-real zeros of a polynomial and its image under certain linear operators is generalized. This generalization is then used to (1) exhibit a number of previously undiscovered complex zero decreasing sequences for the Chebyshev, Legendre, and generalized Laguerre polynomial bases and (2) simultaneously generate a basis $B$ and a corresponding $B$-CZDS. Some extensions to transcendental entire functions in the Laguerre-Polya class are given which, in turn, give a new and short proof of a previously known result due to one of the authors. The paper conc…
The main purpose of this paper is to determine the radii of starlikeness and convexity of the generalized $\emph{k}-$Bessel functions for three different kinds of normalization by using their Hadamard factorization in such a way that the resulting functions are analytic in the unit disk of the complex plane. The characterization of entire functions from Laguerre-Pólya class plays an crucial role in this paper. Moreover, the interlacing properties of the zeros of $\emph{k}-$Bessel function and its derivative is also useful in the proof of the main results. By making use of the Euler-Rayleigh in…
Cofinite Zeros of High Derivatives
研究构造非零超越整函数，使其复平面非空开子集含足够高阶导数的零点，用概率性方法及福克级数，满足增长界并为定理提供反例，且有机器检查的形式化验证。
Brenke polynomials with real zeros and the Riemann Hypothesis
本文研究Brenke多项式的实零点性质，给出了使$\mathcal{R}_B=\mathcal{L}\text{-}\mathcal{P}$成立的充要条件，推广了Appell多项式的经典刻画，并应用于黎曼zeta函数，得到黎曼猜想的新的实根性等价条件。
A crucial ingredient in the recent discovery by Ablowitz, Halburd, Herbst and Korhonen \cite{AHH}, \cite {HK-2} that a connection exists between discrete Painlevé equations and (finite order) Nevanlinna theory is an estimate of the integrated average of $\log^+|f(z+1)/f(z)|$ on $|z|=r$. We obtained essentially the same estimate in our previous paper \cite{CF} independent of Halburd et al \cite{HK-1}. We continue our study in this paper by establishing complete asymptotic relations amongst the logarithmic differences, difference quotients and logarithmic derivatives for finite order meromorphic…
Geometric properties of the Jackson and Hahn-Exton $q$-Bessel functions are studied. For each of them, three different normalizations are applied in such a way that the resulting functions are analytic in the unit disk of the complex plane. For each of the six functions we determine the radii of starlikeness and convexity precisely by using their Hadamard factorization. These are $q$-generalizations of some known results for Bessel functions of the first kind. The characterization of entire functions from the Laguerre-Pólya class via hyperbolic polynomials play an important role in this paper.…
In this paper our aim is to find the radii of starlikeness and convexity of the generalized Mittag-Leffler function for three different kinds of normalization by using their Hadamard factorization in such a way that the resulting functions are analytic in the unit disk of the complex plane. The characterization of entire functions from Laguerre-Pólya class and a result of H. Kumar and M.A. Pathan on the reality of the zeros of generalized Mittag-Leffler functions, which origins goes back to Dzhrbashyan, Ostrovskiĭ and Peresyolkova, play important roles in this paper. Moreover, the interlacing …
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