In this survey article we present several new developments of `toric topology' concerning the cohomology of face rings (also known as Stanley-Reisner algebras). We prove that the integral cohomology algebra of the moment-angle complex Z_K (equivalently, of the complement U(K) of the coordinate subspace arrangement) determined by a simplicial complex K is isomorphic to the Tor-algebra of the face ring of K. Then we analyse Massey products and formality of this algebra by using a generalisation of Hochster's theorem. We also review several related combinatorial results and problems.
A torus manifold is an even-dimensional manifold acted on by a half-dimensional torus with non-empty fixed point set and some additional orientation data. It may be considered as a far-reaching generalisation of toric manifolds from algebraic geometry. The orbit space of a torus manifold has a rich combinatorial structure, e.g., it is a manifold with corners provided that the action is locally standard. Here we investigate relationships between the cohomological properties of torus manifolds and the combinatorics of their orbit quotients. We show that the cohomology ring of a torus manifold is…
We calculate the integral equivariant cohomology, in terms of generators and relations, of locally standard torus orbifolds whose odd degree ordinary cohomology vanishes. We begin by studying GKM-orbifolds, which are more general, before specialising to half-dimensional torus actions.
Torus manifolds are topological generalization of smooth projective toric manifolds. We compute the rational cohomology ring of a class of smooth locally standard torus manifolds whose orbit space is a connected sum of simple polytopes.
On intersection cohomology with torus action of complexity one, II
Basque Center of Applied Mathematics (BCAM)（巴斯克应用数学中心）；Ruhr-Universität Bochum（鲁尔大学波鸿分校）；Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur（坎普尔印度理工学院）；Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)（塞阿拉联邦大学）
We study the cohomology ring of the configuration space of unordered points in the two dimensional torus. In particular, we compute the mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology, the action of the mapping class group, the structure of the cohomology ring and we prove the formality over the rationals.
In this paper, we study Hamiltonian R-actions on symplectic orbifolds [M/S], where R and S are tori. We prove an injectivity theorem and generalize Tolman-Weitsman's proof of the GKM theorem in this setting. The main example is the symplectic reduction X//S of a Hamiltonian T-manifold X by a subtorus S of T. This includes the class of symplectic toric orbifolds. We define the equivariant Chen-Ruan cohomology ring and use the above results to establish a combinatorial method of computing this equivariant Chen-Ruan cohomology in terms of orbifold fixed point data.
The Springer variety of type $A$ associated to a nilpotent operator on $\mathbb{C}^n$ in Jordan canonical form admits a natural action of the $\ell$-dimensional torus $T^{\ell}$ where $\ell$ is the number of the Jordan blocks. We give a presentation of the $T^{\ell}$-equivariant cohomology ring of the Springer variety through an explicit construction of an action of the $n$-th symmetric group on the $T^{\ell}$-equivariant cohomology group. The $T^{\ell}$-equivariant analogue of so called Tanisaki's ideal will appear in the presentation.
We study torsion in the integral cohomology of a certain family of $2n$-dimensional orbifolds $X$ with actions of the $n$-dimensional compact torus. Compact simplicial toric varieties are in our family. For a prime number $p$, we find a necessary condition for the integral cohomology of $X$ to have no $p$-torsion. Then we prove that the necessary condition is sufficient in some cases. We also give an example of $X$ which shows that the necessary condition is not sufficient in general.
A torus manifold is a closed smooth manifold of dimension $2n$ having an effective smooth $T^n = (S^1)^n$-action with non-empty fixed points. Petrie \cite{petrie:1973} has shown that any homotopy equivalence between a complex projective space $\CP^n$ and a torus manifold homotopy equivalent to $\CP^n$ preserves their Pontrjagin classes. A \emph{generalized Bott manifold} is a closed smooth manifold obtained as the total space of an iterated complex projective space bundles over a point, where each fibration is a projectivization of the Whitney sum of a finite many complex line bundles. For ins…
For several important classes of manifolds acted on by the torus, the information about the action can be encoded combinatorially by a regular n-valent graph with vector labels on its edges, which we refer to as the torus graph. By analogy with the GKM-graphs, we introduce the notion of equivariant cohomology of a torus graph, and show that it is isomorphic to the face ring of the associated simplicial poset. This extends a series of previous results on the equivariant cohomology of torus manifolds. As a primary combinatorial application, we show that a simplicial poset is Cohen-Macaulay if it…
For a torus bundle (S^1 x S^1) -> E -> S^1$, we construct a finite free resolution Z over ZG, where G is the fundamental group of the total space E, and then we compute the cohomology groups H^*(G,Z) and H^*(G,Z_p) for a prime p. We also construct a partial diagonal approximation for the resolution, which allows us to compute the cup product in H^*(G,Z) and H^*(G,Z_p).
Using methods applied by Atiyah in equivariant K-theory, Bredon obtained exact sequences for the relative cohomologies (with rational coefficients) of the equivariant skeletons of (sufficiently nice) T-spaces, T=(S^1)^n, with free equivariant cohomology over the cohomology of BT. Here we characterise those finite T-CW complexes with connected isotropy groups for which an analogous result holds with integral coefficients.
We describe the basic Dolbealut cohomology algebra of the canonical foliation on a class of complex manifolds with a torus symmetry group. This class includes complex moment-angle manifolds, LVM- and LVMB-manifolds and, in most generality, complex manifolds with a maximal holomorphic torus action. We also provide a dga model for the ordinary Dolbeault cohomology algebra. The Hodge decomposition for the basic Dolbeault cohomology is proved by reducing to the transversely Kaehler (equivalently, polytopal) case using a foliated analogue of toric blow-up.
In this paper, for any Milnor hypersurface we find the largest dimension of effective algebraic torus actions on it. The proof of the corresponding theorem is based on the computation of the automorphism group for any Milnor hypersurface. We find all generalised Buchstaber-Ray and Ray hypersurfaces that are toric varieties. We compute the Betti numbers of these hypersurfaces and describe their integral singular cohomology rings in terms of the cohomology of the corresponding ambient varieties.
We give Leray-Borel-type descriptions for the mod-$2$ and the rational equivariant cohomology rings of the real and the oriented flag manifolds under the canonical torus or 2-torus actions.
The aim of this paper is to classify simply connected 6-dimensional torus manifolds with vanishing odd degree cohomology. It is shown that there is a one-to-one correspondence between equivariant diffeomorphism types of these manifolds and 3-valent labelled graphs, called torus graphs introduced by Maeda-Masuda-Panov. Using this correspondence and combinatorial arguments, we prove that a simply connected 6-dimensional torus manifold with vanishing odd degree cohomology is equivariantly diffeomorphic to the 6-dimensional sphere or an equivariant connected sum of copies of 6-dimensional quasitor…
We construct a model for cohomology of a space $X$ equipped with a torus $T$ action, whose homotopy orbit space $X_{T}$ is formal. This model represents Koszul complex of its equivariant cohomology. Studying homological properties of modules over polynomial ring we derive new bounds on homological rank (dimension of cohomology ring) of $X$ equipped with almost free torus action. We give a proof of toral rank conjecture for spaces with formal quotient in the case of torus dimension $\le5$.
An old result of the first author and David Lieberman says that if a compact Kaehler manifold X admits a holomorphic vector field V having at least one zero, then the Dolbeault cohomology algebra H^*(X, Ω^*) of X is isomorphic with the bigraded algebra associated to a certain filtered graded ring. If V has isolated zeros this is the graded algebra associated to a certain filtration of the coordinate ring of the scheme Z defined by zero(V). The purpose of this note is to show that if V is generated by a torus action then equivariant Dolbeault cohomology can be used to give direct geometric proo…
We give definitions of cohomology determinants for compact, connected, orientable 3-manifolds. We also give formulae relating cohomology determinants before and after gluing a solid torus along a torus boundary component. Cohomology determinants are related to Turaev torsion, though the author hopes that they have other uses as well.
We compute the integral torus-equivariant cohomology ring for weighted projective space for two different torus actions by embedding the cohomology in a sum of polynomial rings $\oplus_{i=0}^n \Z[t_1, t_2,..., t_n]$. One torus action gives a result complementing that of Bahri, Franz, and Ray. For the other torus action, each basis class for weighted projective space is a multiple of the basis class for ordinary projective space; we identify each multiple explicitly. We also give a simple formula for the structure constants of the equivariant cohomology ring of ordinary projective space in term…
A toric arrangement is a finite collection of codimension-$1$ subtori in a torus. These subtori stratify the ambient torus into faces of various dimensions. Let $f_i$ denote the number of $i$-dimensional faces; these so-called face numbers satisfy the Euler relation $\sum_i (-1)^i f_i = 0$. However not all tuples of natural numbers satisfying this relation arise as face numbers of some toric arrangement. In this paper we focus on toric arrangements in a $2$-dimensional torus and obtain a characterization of face numbers. In particular we show that the convex hull of these face numbers is a con…
We introduce the_inertial cohomology ring_ NH^*_T(Y) of a stably almost complex manifold carrying an action of a torus T. We show that in the case that Y has a locally free action by T, the inertial cohomology ring is isomorphic to the Chen-Ruan orbifold cohomology ring H_{CR}^*(Y/T) of the quotient orbifold Y/T. For Y a compact Hamiltonian T-space, we extend to orbifold cohomology two techniques that are standard in ordinary cohomology. We show that NH^*_T(Y) has a natural ring surjection onto H_{CR}^*(Y//T), where Y//T is the symplectic reduction of Y by T at a regular value of the moment ma…
We study Cohen-Macaulay actions, a class of torus actions on manifolds, possibly without fixed points, which generalizes and has analogous properties as equivariantly formal actions. Their equivariant cohomology algebras are computable in the sense that a Chang-Skjelbred Lemma, and its stronger version, the exactness of an Atiyah-Bredon sequence, hold. The main difference is that the fixed point set is replaced by the union of lowest dimensional orbits. We find sufficient conditions for the Cohen-Macaulay property such as the existence of an invariant Morse-Bott function whose critical set is …
Let $G$ be a compact connected Lie group and $T$ be its maximal torus. The homogeneous space $G/T$ is called the (complete) flag manifold. One of the main goals of the {\em equivariant Schubert calculus} is to study the $T$-equivariant cohomology $H^*_T(G/T)$ with regard to the $T$-action on $G/T$ by multiplication. There are three presentations known for $H^*_T(G/T)$; (1) the free $H^*(BT)$-module generated by the Schubert varieties (2) (with the rational coefficients) the {\em double coinvariant ring} of the Weyl group (3) the {\em GKM ring} associated to the Hasse graph of the Weyl group. E…
Let $T$ be a compact torus. We prove that, up to equivariant rational equivalence, the category of $T$-simply connected, $T$-finite type $T$-spaces with finitely many isotropy types is completely described by certain finite systems of commutative differential graded algebras with consistent choices of degree $2$ cohomology classes. We show that the algebraic systems corresponding to finite $T$-CW-complexes are exactly those which satisfy the necessary condition imposed by the Borel localization theorem along with certain finiteness conditions. We derive an algebraic characterization of when an…
In 1994, Grojnowski gave a construction of an equivariant elliptic cohomology theory associated to an elliptic curve over the complex numbers. Grojnowski's construction has seen numerous applications in algebraic topology and geometric representation theory, however the construction is somewhat ad hoc and there has been significant interest in the question of its geometric interpretation. We show that there are two global models for Grojnowski's theory, which shed light on its geometric meaning. The first model is constructed as the Borel-equivariant cohomology of a double free loop space, and…
In this article we introduce flag Bott manifolds of general Lie type as the total spaces of iterated flag bundles. They generalize the notion of flag Bott manifolds and generalized Bott manifolds, and admit nice torus actions. We calculate the torus equivariant cohomology rings of flag Bott manifolds of general Lie type.
We study the geometry of Bott towers in the context of toric geometry, describing their associated fans arising from crosspolytopes. We compute the cohomology ring of each stage of the tower, and provide all monomial identities defining related affine toric varieties.
We present the length, a numerical cohomological index theory, of $ G $-spaces which are cohomology spheres and $ G $ is a $p$-torus or a torus group, where $p$ is a prime. As a consequence, we obtain Borsuk-Ulam and Bourgin-Yang type theorems in this context. A sharper version of the Bourgin-Yang theorem for topological manifolds is also proved. Also, we give some general results regarding the upper and lower bound for the length.
This paper shows that the integral equivariant cohomology Chern numbers completely determine the equivariant geometric unitary bordism classes of closed unitary $G$-manifolds, which gives an affirmative answer to the conjecture posed by Guillemin--Ginzburg--Karshon in [20, Remark H.5, $\S3$, Appendix H], where $G$ is a torus. As a further application, we also obtain a satisfactory solution of [20, Question (A), $\S1.1$, Appendix H] on unitary Hamiltonian $G$-manifolds. Our key ingredients in the proof are the universal toric genus defined by Buchstaber--Panov--Ray and the Kronecker pairing of …
For each subcomplex of the standard CW-structure on any torus, we compute the homology of a certain infinite cyclic regular covering space. In all cases when the homology is finitely generated, we also compute the cohomology ring. For aspherical subcomplexes of the torus our computation gives the homology and cohomology of Bestvina-Brady groups. We compute the cohomological dimension of each of these groups over any field and over any subring of the rationals.
A toric manifold is a compact non-singular toric variety equipped with a natural half-dimensional compact torus action. A torus manifold is an oriented, closed, smooth manifold of dimension $2n$ with an effective action of a compact torus $T^{n}$ having a non-empty fixed point set. Hence, a torus manifold can be thought of as a generalization of a toric manifold. In the present paper, we focus on a certain class $\mM$ in the family of torus manifolds with codimension one extended actions, and we give a topological classification of $\mM$. As a result, their topological types are completely det…
Let X be a complete toric variety of dimension n and \del the fan in a lattice N associated to X. For each cone σof \del there corresponds an orbit closure V(σ) of the action of complex torus on X. The homology classes {[V(σ)]| \dim σ=k} form a set of specified generators of H_{n-k}(X,Q). Then any x\in H_{n-k}(X,Q) can be written in the form \[ x=\sum_{σ\in\del_X, \dimσ=k}μ(x,σ)[V(σ)]. \] A question occurs whether there is some canonical way to express μ(x,σ). Morelli gave an answer when X is non-singular and at least for x= \T_{n-k}(X) the Todd class of X. However his answer takes coefficient…
A complete flag manifold is the quotient of a Lie group by its maximal torus. The rank of a flag manifold is the dimension of the maximal torus of the Lie group. The rank 2 complete flag manifolds are $SU(3)/T^2$, $Sp(2)/T^2$, $Spin(4)/T^2$, $Spin(5)/T^2$ and $G_2/T^2$. In this paper we calculate the cohomology of the free loop space of rank 2 complete flag manifolds.
Let $X$ be a $2n$-manifold with a locally standard action of a compact torus $T^n$. If the free part of action is trivial and proper faces of the orbit space $Q$ are acyclic, then there are three types of homology classes in $X$: (1) classes of face submanifolds; (2) $k$-dimensional classes of $Q$ swept by actions of subtori of dimensions $<k$; (3) relative $k$-classes of $Q$ modulo $\partial Q$ swept by actions of subtori of dimensions $\geqslant k$. The submodule of $H_*(X)$ spanned by face classes is an ideal in $H_*(X)$ with respect to the intersection product. It is isomorphic to $(\mathb…
We prove that the integral cohomology algebra of the moment-angle complex Z_K, or of the corresponding coordinate subspace arrangement complement U(K), is isomorphic to the Tor-algebra of the face ring Z[K] of simplicial complex K.
Let a torus $T$ act smoothly on a compact smooth manifold $M$. If the rational equivariant cohomology $H^*_T(M)$ is a free $H^*_T(pt)$-module, then according to the Chang-Skjelbred Lemma, it can be determined by the $1$-skeleton consisting of the $T$-fixed points and $1$-dimensional $T$-orbits of $M$. When $M$ is an even-dimensional, orientable manifold with 2-dimensional 1-skeleton, Goresky, Kottwitz and MacPherson gave a graphic description of the equivariant cohomology. In this paper, first we revisit the even-dimensional GKM theory and introduce a notion of GKM covering, then we consider t…
We construct a rational $T^2$-equivariant elliptic cohomology theory for the 2-torus $T^2$, starting from an elliptic curve C over the complex numbers and a coordinate data around the identity. The theory is defined by constructing an object $EC_{T^2}$ in the algebraic model category $dA(T^2)$, which by Greenlees and Shipley is Quillen-equivalent to rational $T^2$-spectra. This result is a generalization to the 2-torus of the construction [Gre05] for the circle. The object $EC_{T^2}$ is directly built using geometric inputs coming from the Cousin complex of the structure sheaf of the surface C…
A twist is a datum playing a role of a local system for topological $K$-theory. In equivariant setting, twists are classified into four types according to how they are realized geometrically. This paper lists the possible types of twists for the torus with the actions of the point groups of all the 2-dimensional space groups (crystallographic groups), or equivalently, the torus with the actions of all the possible finite subgroups in its mapping class group. This is carried out by computing Borel's equivariant cohomology and the Leray-Serre spectral sequence. As a byproduct, the equivariant co…
Let G be either a finite cyclic group of prime order or S^1. We find new relations between cohomology of a manifold (or a Poincare duality space) M with a G-action on it and cohomology of the fixed point set, M^G. Our main tool is the notion of Poincare duality on the Leray spectral sequence of the map M_G -> BG. We apply our results to study group actions on 3-manifolds.
We describe the basic cohomology ring of the canonical holomorphic foliation on a moment-angle manifold, LVMB-manifold or any complex manifold with a maximal holomorphic torus action. Namely, we show that the basic cohomology has a description similar to the cohomology ring of a complete simplicial toric variety due to Danilov and Jurkiewicz. This settles a question of Battaglia and Zaffran, who previously computed the basic Betti numbers for the canonical holomorphic foliation in the case of a shellable fan. Our proof uses an Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence argument; the key ingredient is t…
An n-dimensional polytope P^n is called simple if exactly n codimension-one faces meet at each vertex. The lattice of faces of a simple polytope P^n with m codimension-one faces defines an arrangement of even-dimensional planes in R^{2m}. We construct a free action of the group R^{m-n} on the complement of this arrangement. The corresponding quotient is a smooth manifold Z_P invested with a canonical action of the compact torus T^m with the orbit space P^n. For each smooth projective toric variety M^{2n} defined by a simple polytope P^n with the given lattice of faces there exists a subgroup T…
The {\it torus manifolds} have been defined and studied by M. Masuda and T. Panov (arXiv:math.AT/0306100) who in particular describe its cohomology ring structure. In this note we shall describe the topological $K$-ring of a class of torus manifolds (those for which the orbit space under the action of the compact torus is a {\it homology polytope} whose {\it nerve} is a {shellable} simplicial complex) in terms of generators and relations. Since these torus manifolds include the class of quasi-toric manifolds this is a generalisation of earlier results due to the author and P. Sankaran (arXiv: …
We show that the cohomology algebra of the complement of a coordinate subspace arrangement in m-dimensional complex space is isomorphic to the cohomology algebra of Stanley-Reisner face ring of a certain simplicial complex on m vertices. (The face ring is regarded as a module over the polynomial ring on m generators.) Then we calculate the latter cohomology algebra by means of the standard Koszul resolution of polynomial ring. To prove these facts we construct an equivariant with respect to the torus action homotopy equivalence between the complement of a coordinate subspace arrangement and th…
Given an arrangement of subtori of arbitrary codimension in a torus, we compute the cohomology groups of the complement. Then, using the Leray spectral sequence, we describe the multiplicative structure on the graded cohomology. We also provide a differential model for the cohomology ring by considering a toric wonderful model and its Morgan algebra. Finally we focus on the divisorial case, proving a new presentation for the cohomology of toric arrangements.
Some projective wonderful models for the complement of a toric arrangement in a n-dimensional algebraic torus T were constructed in [3]. In this paper we describe their integer cohomology rings by generators and relations.
We determine the $T$-equivariant integral cohomology of $F_4/T$ combinatorially by the GKM theory, where T is a maximal torus of the exceptional Lie group $F_4$ and acts on $F_4/T$ by the left multiplication.
A toric origami manifold is a generalization of a symplectic toric manifold (or a toric symplectic manifold). The origami symplectic form is allowed to degenerate in a good controllable way in contrast to the usual symplectic form. It is widely known that symplectic toric manifolds are encoded by Delzant polytopes, and the cohomology and equivariant cohomology rings of a symplectic toric manifold can be described in terms of the corresponding polytope. Recently, Holm and Pires described the cohomology of a toric origami manifold $M$ in terms of the orbit space $M/T$ when $M$ is orientable and …
Consider the space Hom(Z^n,G) of pairwise commuting n-tuples of elements in a compact Lie group G. This forms a real algebraic variety, which is generally singular. In this paper, we construct a desingularization of the generic component of Hom(Z^n,G), which allows us to derive formulas for its ordinary and equivariant cohomology in terms of the Lie algebra of a maximal torus in G and the action of the Weyl group. This is an application of a general theorem concerning G-spaces for which every element is fixed by a maximal torus.
Symplectic torus bundles $ξ:T^{2}\to E\to B$ are classified by the second cohomology group of $B$ with local coefficients $H_{1}(T^{2})$. For $B$ a compact, orientable surface, the main theorem of this paper gives a necessary and sufficient condition on the cohomology class corresponding to $ξ$ for $E$ to admit a symplectic structure compatible with the symplectic bundle structure of $ξ$ : namely, that it be a torsion class. The proof is based on a group-extension-theoretic construction of J. Huebschmann (Sur les premieres differentielles de la suite spectrale cohomologique d'une extension de …
We prove the equivariant Leray-Hirsch theorem combinatorially for sufficiently good torus equivariant fiber bundles consisting of homogeneous spaces of Lie groups. We apply this theorem to determining the equivariant integral cohomology ring of the flag manifold of type $E_6$ and express it explicitly as a quotient ring of a polynomial ring.
Let $G$ be a compact and $1$--connected Lie group with a maximal torus $T$. Based on Schubert calculus on the flag manifold $G/T$ [15] we construct the integral cohomology ring $H^{\ast}(G)$ uniformly for all $G$.
Let $G$ be a compact Lie group with a maximal torus $T$. Based on a presentation of the integral cohomology ring $H^{\ast}(G/T)$ of the flag manifold $G/T$ in \cite{DZ1}we have presented in \cite{DZ2}an explicit and unified construction of the integral cohomology rings $H^{\ast}(G)$ for the $1$--connected Lie groups $G$. In this paper we extend this construction to all compact Lie groups.
