Chongsheng Cao, Edriss S. Titi
In this paper we prove the global existence and uniqueness (regularity) of strong solutions to the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations, which model large scale ocean and atmosphere dynamics.
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In this article, we show that the continuous data assimilation algorithm is valid for the 3D primitive equations of the ocean. Namely, the $L^2$ norm of the assimilated solution converge to that of the reference solution at an exponential rate in time. We also prove the global existence of strong solution to the assimilated system.
We show that in the limit of small Rossby number $\eps$, the primitive equations of the ocean (OPEs) can be approximated by ``higher-order quasi-geostrophic equations'' up to an exponential accuracy in $\eps$. This approximation assumes well-prepared initial data and is valid for a timescale of order one (independent of $\eps$). Our construction uses Gevrey regularity of the OPEs and a classical method to bound errors in higher-order perturbation theory.
From anisotropic Navier-Stokes equations to primitive equations for the ocean and atmosphere
本文研究了海洋与大气原始方程在两类周期边界区域上的适定性，推导了全局解在合适 Besov 空间中的存在性，并严格论证了从重缩放各向异性 Navier-Stokes 方程到原始方程的极限过渡。
The primitive equations for the ocean and atmosphere in anisotropic spaces
本文研究了海洋与大气原始方程在特定周期边界区域上的适定性，在合适的各向异性Besov空间中证明了小初始数据的全局存在与唯一性，并证明了从各向异性Navier-Stokes方程到该系统的奇异极限。
Global Well-Posedness of the Primitive Equations of Large-Scale Ocean Dynamics with the Gent-McWilliams-Redi Eddy Parametrization Model
本研究针对带Gent-McWilliams-Redi涡旋参数化的海洋原始方程系统，通过正则化密度假设与涡旋算子分析，证明了其全局弱解存在性与全局适定性，结果可推广至小斜率近似场景。
In this paper, we rigorously derive the governed equations describing the motion of stable stratified fluid, from the mathematical point of view. Specially, we prove that the scaled Boussinesq equations strongly converge to the viscous primitive equations with density stratification as the aspect ration parameter goes to zero, and the rate of convergence is of the same order as the aspect ratio parameter. Moreover, in order to obtain this convergence result, we also establish the global well-posedness of strong solutions to the viscous primitive equations with density stratification.
In this paper, we consider the initial boundary value problem for the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations of large-scale moist atmosphere which are used to describe the turbulent behavior of long-term weather prediction and climate changes. First, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of global strong solutions of the problem. Second, by studying the long-time behavior of strong solutions, we construct a (weak) universal attractor which captures all the trajectories.
First, a new sufficient condition for uniqueness of weak solutions is proved for the system of 2D viscous Primitive Equations. Second, global existence and uniqueness are established for several classes of weak solutions with partial initial regularity, including but not limited to those weak solutions with initial horizontal regularity, rather than vertical regularity. Our results and analyses for the problem with phys- ical boundary conditions can be extended to those with other typical boundary conditions. Most of the results were not available before, even for the periodic case.
We consider the linear Primitive Equations of the ocean in the three dimensional space, with horizontal periodic and vertical Dirichlet boundary conditions. Thanks to Fourier transforms we are able to calculate explicitly the pressure term. We then state existence, unicity and regularity results for the linear time-depending Primitive Equations, with low-regularity right-hand side.
Global uniform boundedness of solutions to 3D viscous Primitive equations in a bounded cylindrical domain with physical boundary condition is proved in space $H^m$ for any $m\geqslant2$. A bounded absorbing set for the solutions in $H^m$ is obtained. These results seem rather difficult for the methods recently developed in [8] and [10]. A completely different approach based on hydrostatic helmholtz decomposition is presented, which can also be applied to cases with other different boundary conditions. Several important results about hydrostatic Leray projector are obtained and utilized. These …
Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the viscous surface wave in an infinitely deep ocean
针对无限深海洋中变密度不可压缩粘性流体的自由运动边界问题，通过拉格朗日变换分析线性化方程的谱特性（证明无穷多正则模），并基于此构造初始数据研究非线性瑞利-泰勒不稳定性，改进了现有框架。
Uniqueness of Leray-Hopf weak solutions to the two-dimensional viscous Primitive Equations
本文解决了二维粘性原始方程Leray-Hopf弱解唯一性的长期公开问题，证明了周期通道中满足特定边界条件、任意L²初始数据下该类弱解的唯一性。
We consider the 3D viscous primitive equations with periodic boundary conditions. These equations arise in the study of ocean dynamics and generate a dynamical system in a Sobolev H^1 type space. Our main result establishes the so-called squeezing property in the Ladyzhenskaya form for this system. As a consequence of this property we prove (i) the finiteness of the fractal dimension of the corresponding global attractor, (ii) the existence of finite number of determining modes, and (iii) ergodicity of a related random kick model. All these results provide a new information concerning long tim…
Absorbing ball in $H^{1}(\mho)$ is obtained for the strong solution to the three dimensional viscous moist primitive equations under the natural assumption $Q_{1},Q_{2}\in L^{2}(\mho)$ which is weaker than the assumption $Q_{1},Q_{2}\in H^{1}(\mho)$ in $\cite{GH2}$. In view of the structure of the manifold and the special geometry involved with vertical velocity, the continuity of the strong solution in $H^{1}(\mho)$ is established with respect to time and initial data. To obtain the existence of the global attractor for the moist primitive equations, the common method is to obtain the absorbi…
The Primitive Equations are a basic model in the study of large scale Oceanic and Atmospheric dynamics. These systems form the analytical core of the most advanced General Circulation Models. For this reason and due to their challenging nonlinear and anisotropic structure the Primitive Equations have recently received considerable attention from the mathematical community. In view of the complex multi-scale nature of the earth's climate system, many uncertainties appear that should be accounted for in the basic dynamical models of atmospheric and oceanic processes. In the climate community sto…
We study well-posedness and ill-posedness for Cauchy problem of the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations describing the large scale ocean and atmosphere dynamics. By using the Littlewood-Paley analysis technique, in particular Chemin-Lerner's localization method, we prove that the Cauchy problem with Prandtl number $P=1$ is locally well-posed in the Fourier-Besov spaces $[\dot{FB}^{2-\frac{3}{p}}_{p,r}(\mathbb{R}^3)]^4$ for $1<p\leq\infty,1\leq r<\infty$ and $[\dot{FB}^{-1}_{1,r}(\mathbb{R}^3)]^4$ for $1\leq r\leq 2$, and globally well-posed in these spaces when the initial data $(u_0…
We discuss the discrete data assimilation problem for the 3D viscous primitive equations arising in the modeling of large scale phenomena in oceanic dynamics. Our main result states possibility of asymptotically reliable prognosis based on a discrete sequence of finite number of scalar observations. Our method is quite general and can be applied to a wide class of dissipative systems.
In an earlier work we have shown the global (for all initial data and all time) well-posedness of strong solutions to the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations of large scale oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. In this paper we show that for certain class of initial data the corresponding smooth solutions of the inviscid (non-viscous) primitive equations blow up in finite time. Specifically, we consider the three-dimensional inviscid primitive equations in a three-dimensional infinite horizontal channel, subject to periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal directions, and with no-no…
As a first step towards the numerical analysis of the stochastic primitive equations of the atmosphere and oceans, we study their time discretization by an implicit Euler scheme. From deterministic viewpoint the 3D Primitive Equations are studied with physically realistic boundary conditions. From probabilistic viewpoint we consider a wide class of nonlinear, state dependent, white noise forcings. The proof of convergence of the Euler scheme covers the equations for the oceans, atmosphere, coupled oceanic-atmospheric system and other geophysical equations. We obtain the existence of solutions …
Stochastic interpretations of the oceanic primitive equations with relaxed hydrostatic assumptions
本文研究了在准静力层极限下，基于低通滤波的随机解释的LU原始方程的适定性，并探讨了涡旋（超）粘性模型在描述静力平衡与非静力过程之间现象中的作用。
This paper is concerned with the long-time behavior of solutions for the three dimensional primitive equations of large-scale ocean and atmosphere dynamics in an unbounded domain. Since the Sobolev embedding is no longer compact in an unbounded domain, we cannot obtain the asymptotical compactness of the semigroup generated by problem (2.4)-(2.6) by the Sobolev compactness embedding theorem even if we obtain the existence of an absorbing set in more regular phase space. To overcome this difficulty, we first prove the asymptotical compactness in a weak phase space of the semigroup generated by …
We establish some conditional uniqueness of weak solutions to the viscous primitive equations, and as an application, we prove the global existence and uniqueness of weak solutions, with the initial data taken as small $L^\infty$ perturbations of functions in the space $X=\left\{v\in (L^6(Ω))^2|\partial_zv\in (L^2(Ω))^2\right\}$; in particular, the initial data are allowed to be discontinuous. Our result generalizes in a uniform way the result on the uniqueness of weak solutions with continuous initial data and that of the so-called $z$-weak solutions.
The primitive equations of large-scale oceanic dynamics form a fundamental model in geophysical flows. It is well-known that the primitive equations can be formally derived by the hydrostatic approximation. On the other hand, the mathematically rigorous derivation of the primitive equations without coupling with the temperature is also known. In this paper, we generalize the above result from the mathematical point of view. More precisely, we prove that the scaled Boussinesq equations with rotation converge to the full primitive equations in a strong sense, globally in time, with the convergen…
Global well-posedness of the elastic-viscous-plastic sea-ice model with the inviscid Voigt-regularisation
本文研究了带有无粘Voigt正则化的弹性-粘性-塑性海冰模型的全球适定性，解决了粘性系数无截断问题，拓展了相关Hibler海冰模型的分析范围。
Global existence and large time behavior for primitive equations with free boundary
本文研究带自由边界的三维原始方程，证明了强解的全局存在唯一性，且解会以指数或代数速率长时间收敛到平衡态，为海洋大气大尺度运动模拟提供理论支撑。
We show that, under reasonably mild hypotheses, the solution of the forced--dissipative rotating primitive equations of the ocean loses most of its fast, inertia--gravity, component in the small Rossby number limit as $t\to\infty$. At leading order, the solution approaches what is known as "geostrophic balance" even under ageostrophic, slowly time-dependent forcing. Higher-order results can be obtained if one further assumes that the forcing is time-independent and sufficiently smooth. If the forcing lies in some Gevrey space, the solution will be exponentially close to a finite-dimensional "s…
Stability and bifurcation of 2D viscous primitive equations with full diffusion
本文研究了二维粘性原始方程在不同热力学 regime 下的稳定性与分支问题，揭示了临界温度差对系统动态转换的影响，并建立了非线性稳定性理论的数学基础。
We establish the existence and uniqueness of both local martingale and local pathwise solutions of an abstract nonlinear stochastic evolution system. The primary application of this abstract framework is to infer the local existence of strong, pathwise solutions to the 3D primitive equations of the oceans and atmosphere forced by a nonlinear multiplicative white noise. Instead of developing our results specifically for the 3D primitive equations we choose to develop them in a slightly abstract framework which covers many related forms of these equations (atmosphere, oceans, coupled atmosphere-…
An important feature of the planetary oceanic dynamics is that the aspect ratio (the ratio of the depth to horizontal width) is very small. As a result, the hydrostatic approximation (balance), derived by performing the formal small aspect ratio limit to the Navier-Stokes equations, is considered as a fundamental component in the primitive equations of the large-scale ocean. In this paper, we justify rigorously the small aspect ratio limit of the Navier-Stokes equations to the primitive equations. Specifically, we prove that the Navier-Stokes equations, after being scaled appropriately by the …
Well-posedness and ill-posedness of the primitive equations with fractional horizontal dissipation
本文研究具有分数阶水平耗散的二维原始方程，确定了在临界指数α=1处适定性与不适定性的尖锐转变，并建立了α≥6/5时的全局适定性理论。
Uniqueness of weak solutions to the primitive equations in some anisotropic spaces
本文研究了等温设定下海洋与大气的3D或2D原始方程，通过采用基于齐次环形Besov空间的各向异性方法，建立了弱解在满足尺度不变函数空间及额外假设条件下的新条件唯一性结果，并据此证明了唯一性类中弱解的能量等式。
The three--dimensional incompressible viscous Boussinesq equations, under the assumption of hydrostatic balance, govern the large scale dynamics of atmospheric and oceanic motion, and are commonly called the primitive equations. To overcome the turbulence mixing a partial vertical diffusion is usually added to the temperature advection (or density stratification) equation. In this paper we prove the global regularity of strong solutions to this model in a three-dimensional infinite horizontal channel, subject to periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal directions, and with no-penetration…
In this work we consider a stochastic version of the Primitive Equations (PEs) of the ocean and the atmosphere and establish the existence and uniqueness of pathwise, strong solutions. The analysis employs novel techniques in contrast to previous works in order to handle a general class of nonlinear noise structures and to allow for physically relevant boundary conditions. The proof relies on Cauchy estimates, stopping time arguments and anisotropic estimates.
Under general boundary conditions we consider the finiteness of the Hausdorff and fractal dimensions of the global attractor for the strong solution of the 3D moist primitive equations with viscosity. Firstly, we obtain time-uniform estimates of the first-order time derivative of the strong solutions in $L^2(\mho)$. Then, to prove the finiteness of the Hausdorff and fractal dimensions of the global attractor, the common method is to obtain the uniform boundedness of the strong solution in $H^2(\mho)$ to establish the squeezing property of the solution operator. But it is difficult to achieve d…
In this paper, we provide rigorous justification of the hydrostatic approximation and the derivation of primitive equations as the small aspect ratio limit of the incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in the anisotropic horizontal viscosity regime. Setting $\varepsilon >0$ to be the small aspect ratio of the vertical to the horizontal scales of the domain, we investigate the case when the horizontal and vertical viscosities in the incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are of orders $O(1)$ and $O(\varepsilon^α)$, respectively, with $α>2$, for which the limi…
The article is devoted to prove the existence and regularity of the solutions of the $3D$ inviscid Linearized Primitive Equations (LPEs) in a channel with lateral periodicity. This was assumed in a previous work \cite{HJT} which is concerned with the boundary layers generated by the corresponding viscous problem. Although the equations under investigation here are of hyperbolic type, the standard methods do not apply because of the specificity of the hyperbolic system. A set of \textit{non-local} boundary conditions for the inviscid LPEs has to be imposed at the top and bottom of the channel m…
In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem of the viscous 3D primitive equations for oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only vertical diffusion in the temperature equation. Local and global well-posedness of strong solutions are established for this system with $H^2$ initial data.
In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem of the 3D primitive equations for oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal diffusion in the temperature equation. Global well-posedness of strong solutions are established with $H^2$ initial data.
It is well known, by now, that the three-dimensional non-viscous planetary geostrophic model, with vertical hydrostatic balance and horizontal Rayleigh friction, coupled to the heat diffusion and transport, is mathematically ill-posed. This is because the no-normal flow physical boundary condition implicitly produces an additional boundary condition for the temperature at the literal boundary. This additional boundary condition is different, because of the Coriolis forcing term, than the no heat flux physical boundary condition. Consequently, the second order parabolic heat equation is over de…
The primitive equations (PEs) model large scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. While it is by now well-known that the three-dimensional viscous PEs is globally well-posed in Sobolev spaces, and that there are solutions to the inviscid PEs (also called the hydrostatic Euler equations) that develop singularities in finite time, the qualitative description of the blowup still remains undiscovered. In this paper, we provide a full description of two blowup mechanisms, for a reduced PDE that is satisfied by a class of particular solutions to the PEs. In the first one a shock forms, and …
Nonuniqueness of generalised weak solutions to the primitive and Prandtl equations
本文通过凸积分方案构造了二维和三维流体静力欧拉方程、三维粘性原始方程及二维Prandtl方程的非唯一广义弱解，证明了大类初值下解的存在性与非唯一性，并构造了无穷多个不守恒能量的解。
A Liouville-type theorem for the 3D primitive equations
本文研究三维原始方程的稳态解，证明无论有无 Coriolis 旋转项或粘性，都不存在紧支集光滑解，并与三维 Euler 方程的相关结果形成对比。
Large scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere are governed by the primitive equations (PEs). It is well-known that the three-dimensional viscous PEs is globally well-posed in Sobolev spaces. On the other hand, the inviscid PEs without rotation is known to be ill-posed in Sobolev spaces, and its smooth solutions can form singularity in finite time. In this paper, we extend the above results in the presence of rotation. First, we construct finite-time blowup solutions to the inviscid PEs with rotation, and establish that the inviscid PEs with rotation is ill-posed in Sobolev spaces in th…
The $3$-D primitive equations and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with full hyper-viscosity and only horizontal hyper-viscosity are considered on the torus, i.e., the diffusion term $-Δ$ is replaced by $-Δ+ \varepsilon(-Δ)^{l}$ or by $-Δ+ \varepsilon(-Δ_H)^{l}$, respectively, where $Δ_H = \partial_x^2+\partial_y^2 $, $Δ= Δ_H + \partial_z^2$, $\varepsilon> 0$, $l>1$. Hyper-viscosity is applied in many numerical schemes, and in particular horizontal hyper-viscosity appears in meteorological models. A classical result by Lions states that for the Navier-Stokes equations uniqueness of globa…
Asymptotic stability and Rayleigh-Taylor instability of stratified states for the three-dimensional rotating primitive equations with gravity
研究带重力的三维旋转原始方程，证明稳定分层平衡态渐近稳定，小扰动下全局经典解有一致界，振荡量衰减速率最优；若分层不稳定则平衡态非线性不稳定，旋转会降低增长率但不改变其上确界。
Averaging principle for the stochastic primitive equations in the large rotation limit
本文证明带加性白噪声的粘性原始方程在大旋转极限下，强解的分布被吸引到随机极限共振系统的唯一不变测度，从而表现出近乎唯一的遍历性。
In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem of the 3D primitive equations for planetary oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal eddy viscosity in the horizontal momentum equations and only horizontal diffusion in the temperature equation. Global well-posedness of strong solution is established for any $H^2$ initial data. An $N$-dimensional logarithmic Sobolev embedding inequality, which bounds the $L^\infty$ norm in terms of the $L^q$ norms up to a logarithm of the $L^p$-norm, for $p>N$, of the first order derivatives, and a system version of the classic Gronwal…
Two models based on the hydrostatic primitive equa- tions are proposed. The first model is the primitive equations with partial viscosity only, and is oriented towards large-scale wave structures in the ocean and atmosphere. The second model is the viscous primitive equations with spectral eddy viscosity, and is oriented towards turbulent geophysical flows. For both models, the existence and uniqueness of global strong solutions is estab- lished. For the second model, the convergence of the solutions to the solutions of the classical primitive equations as eddy viscosity parameters tend to zer…
The hydrostatic primitive equations (HPE) form the basis of most numerical weather, climate and global ocean circulation models. Analytical (not statistical) methods are used to find a scaling proportional to $(Nu\,Ra\,Re)^{1/4}$ for the range of horizontal spatial sizes in HPE solutions, which is much broader than currently achievable computationally. The range of scales for the HPE is determined from an analytical bound on the time-averaged enstrophy of the horizontal circulation. This bound allows the formation of very small spatial scales, whose existence would excite unphysically large li…
We study the problems of controllability and ergodicity of the system of 3D primitive equations modeling large-scale oceanic and atmospheric motions. The system is driven by an additive force acting only on a finite number of Fourier modes in the temperature equation. We first show that the velocity and temperature components of the equations can be simultaneously approximately controlled to arbitrary position in the phase space. The proof is based on Agrachev-Sarychev type geometric control approach. Next, we study the controllability of the linearisation of primitive equations around a non-s…
Estimation of Anisotropic Viscosities for the Stochastic Primitive Equations
针对随机原始方程（SPE）中各向异性粘性系数的估计问题，本文利用单样本路径的有限傅里叶模态开发估计器，分析其一致性与渐近正态性，为SPE相关应用提供参数估计方法，且该方法或可推广至其他模型。
In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem of the three-dimensional primitive equations for oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal viscosity and horizontal diffusivity. We establish the local, in time, well-posedness of strong solutions, for any initial data $(v_0, T_0)\in H^1$, by using the local, in space, type energy estimate. We also establish the global well-posedness of strong solutions for this system, with any initial data $(v_0, T_0)\in H^1\cap L^\infty$, such that $\partial_zv_0\in L^m$, for some $m\in(2,\infty)$, by using the logarithmic type anisot…
Global well-posedness of the 3D primitive equations with horizontal viscosity and vertical diffusivity II: close to $H^1$ initial data
该研究针对仅含水平涡粘性与垂直扩散率的三维海洋大气原始方程，利用各向异性能量估计与极大正则性估计，证明了一类接近$H^1$的初始数据下强解的全局适定性。
Interaction of geophysical flows with sea ice dynamics
本文研究了地物理流与海冰动力学耦合模型的局部和全局强well-posedness，通过开发静力算子方法和拟线性方法，证明了模型在常数平衡态附近的稳定性。
On the Profile of Singularity Formation for the Incompressible Hydrostatic Boussinesq system
本文研究了非恒温条件下静力 Boussinesq 系统奇点形成的稳定性，探讨了温度变化对速度场奇点形成与稳定性的影响。
In this paper, we consider the 3D primitive equations of oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal eddy viscosities in the horizontal momentum equations and only vertical diffusivity in the temperature equation. Global well-posedness of strong solutions is established for any initial data such that the initial horizontal velocity $v_0\in H^2(Ω)$ and the initial temperature $T_0\in H^1(Ω)\cap L^\infty(Ω)$ with $\nabla_HT_0\in L^q(Ω)$, for some $q\in(2,\infty)$. Moreover, the strong solutions enjoy correspondingly more regularities if the initial temperature belongs to $H^2(Ω)$. The …
The horizontal magnetic primitive equations approximation of the anisotropic MHD equations in a thin 3D domain
本文严格证明了薄三维区域中带水平粘性和磁扩散的原始方程（PEHM）是尺度化水平粘性MHD方程在小纵横比极限下的极限系统，并给出了不同初值正则性条件下强弱解的收敛性及收敛速率。
This paper is devoted to reviewing several recent developments concerning certain class of geophysical models, including the primitive equations (PEs) of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics and a tropical atmosphere model. The PEs for large-scale oceanic and atmospheric dynamics are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations coupled to the heat convection by adopting the Boussinesq and hydrostatic approximations, while the tropical atmosphere model considered here is a nonlinear interaction system between the barotropic mode and the first baroclinic mode of the tropical atmosphere with moisture. We…
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