The use of the properties of actions on an algebra to enrich the study of the algebra is well-trodden and still fashionable. Here, the notion and study of endomorphic elements of (Banach) algebras are introduced. This study is initiated, in the hope that it will open up, further, the structure of (Banach) algebras in general, enrich the study of endomorphisms and provide examples.
In particular, here, we use it to classify algebras for the convenience of our study. We also present results on the structure of some classes of endomorphic elements and bring out the contrast with idempotents.
EP Banach space operators and EP Banach algebra elements are characterized using different kinds of factorizations. The results obtained generalize well-known characterizations of EP matrices, EP Hilbert space operators and EP $C^*$-algebra elements. Furthermore, new results that hold in these contexts are presented.
The main concern of this note is the Moore-Penrose inverse in the context of Banach spaces and algebras. Especially attention will be given to a particular class of elements with the aforementioned inverse, namely EP Banach space operators and Banach algebra elements, which will be studied and characterized extending well-known results obtained in the frame of Hilbert space operators and $C^*$-algebra elements.
Weighted EP Banach space operators and Banach algebra elements are characterized using different kinds of factorizations. The results presented extend well-known characterizations of (weighted) EP matrices, (weighted) EP Hilbert space operators and (weighted) EP $C^*$-algebra elements.
Several characterizations of EP and normal Moore-Penrose invertible Banach algebra elements will be considered. The Banach space operator case will be also studied. The results of the present article will extend well known facts obtained in the frames of matrices and Hilbert space operators.
In this article poles, isolated spectral points, group, Drazin and Koliha-Drazin invertible elements in the context of quotient Banach algebras or in ranges of (not necessarily continuous) homomorphism between complex unital Banach algebras will be characterized using Fredholm and Riesz Banach algebra elements. Calkin algebras on Banach and Hilbert spaces will be also considered.
The weighted Moore-Penrose inverse will be introduced and studied in the context of Banach algebras. In addition, weighted EP Banach algebra elements will be characterized. The Banach space operator case will be also considered.
Given a Banach Algebra $A$ and $a\in A$, several relations among the Drazin spectrum of $a$ and the Drazin spectra of the multiplication operators $L_a$ and $R_a$ will be stated. The Banach space operator case will be also examined. Furthermore, a characterization of the Drazin spectrum will be considered.
Properties of the inverse along an element in rings with an involution, Banach algebras and $C^*$-alegbras will be studied unifying known expressions concerning generalized inverses.
We show that if $T$ is an isometry (as metric spaces) from an open subgroup of the group of the invertible elements in a unital semisimple commutative Banach algebra onto an open subgroup of the group of the invertible elements in a unital Banach algebra, then $T(1)^{-1}T$ is an isometrical group isomorphism. In particular, $T(1)^{-1}T$ is extended to an isometrical real algebra isomorphism from $A$ onto $B$.
Given unital Banach algebras $A$ and $B$ and elements $a\in A$ and $b\in B$, the Drazin spectrun of $a\otimes b\in A\overline{\otimes} B$ will be fully characterized, where $A\overline{\otimes} B$ is a Banach algebra that is the completion of $A\otimes B$ with respect to a uniform crossnorm. To this end, however, first the isolated points of the spectrum of $a\otimes b\in A\overline{\otimes} B$ need to be characterized. On the other hand, given Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ and Banach space operators $S\in L(X)$ and $T\in L(Y)$, using similar arguments the Drazin spectrum of $τ_{ST}\in L(L(Y,X))$,…
Generalizing earlier results about the set of idempotents in a Banach algebra, or of self-adjoint idempotents in a $C^*$-algebra, we announce constructions of nice connecting paths in the connected components of the set of elements in a Banach algebra, or of self-adjoint elements in a $C^*$-algebra, that satisfy a given polynomial equation, without multiple roots. In particular, we will prove that in the Banach algebra case every such non-central element lies on a complex line, all of whose points satisfy the given equation. We also formulate open questions.
In this paper, we describe linear maps between complex Banach algebras that preserve products equal to fixed elements. This generalizes some important special cases where the fixed elements are the zero or identity element. First we show that if such map preserves products equal to a finite-rank operator, then it must also preserve the zero product. In several instances, this is enough to show that a product preserving map must be a scalar multiple of an algebra homomorphism. Second, we explore a more general problem concerning the existence of product preserving maps and the relationship betw…
In this work, given a unital Banach algebra $\A$ and $a\in \A$ such that $a$ has a Moore-Penrose inverse $a^\dagger$, it will be characterized when $aa^\dagger-a^\dagger a$ is invertible. A particular subset of this class of objects will also be studied. In addition, perturbations of this class of elements will be studied. Finally, the Banach space operator case will be also considered.
Given a (not necessarily continuous) homomorphism between Banach algebras $\T\colon\A\to\B$, an element $a\in\A$ will be said to be B-Fredholm (respectively generalized B-Fredholm) relative to $\T$, if $\T(a)\in \B$ is Drazin invertible (respectively Koliha-Drazin invertible). In this article, the aforementioned elements will be characterized and their main properties will be studied. In addition, perturbation properties will be also considered.
We show that if $T$ is an isometry (as metric spaces) between the invertible groups of unital Banach algebras, then $T$ is extended to a surjective real-linear isometry up to translation between the two Banach algebras. Furthermore if the underling algebras are closed unital standard operator algebras, $(T(e_A))^{-1}T$ is extended to a surjective real algebra isomorphism; if $T$ is a surjective isometry from the invertible group of a unital commutative Banach algebra onto that of a unital semisimple Banach algebra, then $(T(e_A))^{-1}T$ is extended to a surjective isometrical real algebra isom…
A Daugavet-point (resp.~$Δ$-point) of a Banach space is a norm one element $x$ for which every point in the unit ball (resp.~element $x$ itself) is in the closed convex hull of unit ball elements that are almost at distance 2 from $x$. A Banach space has the well-known Daugavet property (resp.~diametral local diameter 2 property) if and only if every norm one element is a Daugavet-point (resp.~$Δ$-point). This paper complements the article "Delta- and Daugavet-points in Banach spaces" by T. A. Abrahamsen, R. Haller, V. Lima, and K. Pirk, where the study of the existence of Daugavet- and $Δ$-po…
In this paper, we present new necessary and sufficient conditions under which the sum of two group invertible elements in a Banach algebra has group inverse. We then apply these results to block operator matrices over Banach spaces. The group inverses of certain operator block matrices are thereby obtained. Additionally, this paper extends the results obtained in \cite{L}.
In this paper we introduce the quadratic weighted geometric mean for invertible elements x, y in a Hermitian unital Banach star-algebra and provide some inequalities for this mean under various assumptions for the elements involved.
We give an example of a positive element $a$ in some ordered Banach algebra $A$ such that its spectrum is equal to $\{1\}$ and it is not greater than or equal to the unit element of $A$.
In this paper the general spectral properties of linear operators in Banach spaces are studied. We find sufficient conditions on structure of Banach spaces and resolvent properties that guarantee completeness of roots elements of Schatten class operators. This approach generalizes the well known result for operators in Hilbert spaces. In application, the boundary value problems for the abstract equation of second order with variable coefficients are studied. The principal part of the appropriate differential operator is not self-adjoint. The discreetness of spectrum and completeness of root el…
A banach space X is a normed vector space, which is complete with respect to the metric induced by the norm. Given a bounded linear operator T acting on a banach space X, T is said to attain its norm if there is a unit vector z in X, such that the norm of Tz equals the norm of T. The existence of an infinite dimensional banach space X, in which each bounded linear operator acting on X attains its norm, is still undetermined. This question was posed by M.I. Ostrovskii at St. John's University. In this paper we show that if an infinite dimensional banach space is considered over GF(2), then it i…
Let $A$ be a complex unital Banach algebra with unit $1$. An element $a\in A$ is said to be of \textit{$G_{1}$-class} if $$\|(z-a)^{-1}\|=\frac{1}{\text{d}(z,σ(a))} \quad \forall z\in \mathbb{C}\setminus σ(a).$$ Here $d(z, σ(a))$ denotes the distance between $z$ and the spectrum $σ(a)$ of $a$. Some examples of such elements are given and also some properties are proved. It is shown that a $G_1$-class element is a scalar multiple of the unit $1$ if and only if its spectrum is a singleton set consisting of that scalar. It is proved that if $T$ is a $G_1$ class operator on a Banach space $X$, the…
Let $ A$ be a complex unital Banach algebra. An element $a \in A$ is said to be Hermitian, if $ \| \exp (ita) \| =1$ for all $t\in R$. In the case of the algebra of bounded linear operators in a Hilbert space this Hermitian property agrees with the ordinary selfadjointness. If $a \in A$ is Hermitian, then $|a|=||a||$, where $|a|$ denotes the spectral radius of $a$. A function $F: R\to \C$ is called the universal symbol if $ \|| F(a)||= |F(a)|$\ for each $ A$ and all Hermitian $a\in A$. We characterize universal symbols in terms of positive definite functions.
A boundary for a Banach space is a subset of the dual unit sphere with the property that each element of the Banach space attains its norm on an element of that subset. Trivially, the pointwise convergence with respect to such a boundary is coarser than the weak topology on the Banach space. Godefroy's Boundary Problem asks whether nevertheless both topologies have the same bounded compact sets. This paper contains the answer in the positive.
If $E$ is a Banach space, any element $x^{**}$ in its bidual $E^{**}$ is an affine function on the dual unit ball $B_{E^*}$ that might possess variety of descriptive properties with respect to the weak* topology. We prove several results showing that descriptive properties of $x^{**}$ are quite often determined by the behaviour of $x^{**}$ on the set of extreme points of $B_{E^*}$, generalizing thus results of J. Saint Raymond and F. Jellett. We also prove several results on relation between Baire classes and intrinsic Baire classes of $L_1$-preduals which were introduced by S.A. Argyros, G. G…
This paper contains two improvements on a theorem of S. N. Bernstein for Banach spaces. We show that if $X$ is an arbitrary infinite-dimensional Banach space, $\{Y_n\}$ is a sequence of strictly nested subspaces of $ X$ and if $\{d_n\}$ is a non-increasing sequence of non-negative numbers tending to 0, then for any $c\in(0,1]$ we can find $x_{c} \in X$, such that the distance $ρ(x_{c}, Y_n)$ from $x_{c}$ to $Y_n$ satisfies $$ c d_n \leq ρ(x_{c},Y_n) \leq 4c d_n,~\mbox{for all $n\in\mathbb N$}. $$ We prove the above inequality by first improving Borodin (2006)'s result for Banach spaces by weak…
We show that if $T$ is an isometry (as metric spaces) from an open subgroup of the invertible group $A^{-1}$ of a unital Banach algebra $A$ onto an open subgroup of the invertible group $B^{-1}$ of a unital Banach algebra $B$, then $T$ is extended to a real-linear isometry up to translation between these Banach algebras. We consider multiplicativity or unti-multiplicativity of the isometry. Note that a unital linear isometry between unital semisimple commutative Banach algebra need be multiplicative. On the other hand, we show that if $A$ is commutative and $A$ or $B$ are semisimple, then $(T(…
For a commutative unital ring $R$, and $n\in \mathbb{N}$, let $\textrm{SL}_n(R)$ denote the special linear group over $R$, and $\textrm{E}_n(R)$ the subgroup of elementary matrices. Let ${\mathcal{M}}^+$ be the Banach algebra of all complex Borel measures on $[0,+\infty)$ with the norm given by the total variation, the usual operations of addition and scalar multiplication, and with convolution. It is shown that $\textrm{SL}_n(A)=\textrm{E}_n(A)$ for Banach subalgebras $A$ of ${\mathcal{M}}^+$ that are closed under the operation ${\mathcal{M}}^+\owns μ\mapsto μ_t$, $t\in [0,1]$, where $μ_t(E):…
In this paper, we present a new characterization of g-Drazin inverse in a Banach algebra. We prove that an element a is a Banach algebra has g-Drazin inverse if and only if there exists $x\in A$ such that $ax=xa, a-a^2x\in A^{qnil}$. we obtain the sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence of the g-Drain inverse for certain $2 \times 2$ anti-triangular matrices over a Banach algebra. These extend the results of Koliha (Glasgow Math. J., 38(1996), 367-381), Nicholson (Comm. Algebra,27(1999), 3583-3592 and Zou et al. (Studia Scient. Math. Hungar., 54(2017,489-508).
Adapting the notion of the spectrum $Σ_a$ for an element $a$ in an ultrametric Banach algebra (as defined by Berkovich), we introduce and briefly study the Berkovich spectrum $σ^{Ber}_R(u)$ of an element $u$ in a Banach ring $R$. This spectrum is a compact subset of the affine analytic space $A_Z^1$ over $Z$, and the later can be identified with the "equivalence classes" of all elements in all complete valuation fields. If $R$ is generated by $u$ as a unital Banach ring, then $σ^{Ber}_R(u)$ coincides with the spectrum of $R$ (as defined by Berkovich). If $R$ is a unital complex Banach algebra,…
For a Banach algebra $A$, we say that an element $M$ in $A\otimes^γA$ is a hyper-commutator if $(a\otimes 1)M=M(1\otimes a)$ for every $a\in A$. A diagonal for a Banach algebra is a hyper-commutator which its image under diagonal mapping is $1$. It is well-known that a Banach algebra is contractible iff it has a diagonal. The main aim of this note is to show that for any Banach subalgebra $A\subseteq\mathcal{L}(X)$ of bounded linear operators on infinite-dimensional Banach space $X$, which contains the ideal of finite-rank operators, the image of any hyper-commutator of $A$ under the canonical…
A recent result of T.~Abrahamsen, P.~Hájek and S.~Troyanski states that a separable Banach space is almost square if and only if there exists $h\in S_{X^{****}}$ such that $\|x+h\|=\max\{\|x\|,1\}$ for all $x\in X$. The proof passes through a sequential version of being almost square which we call being \textit{sequentially almost square}. In this article we study these conditions in the nonseparable setting. On one hand, we show that a Banach space $X$ contains a copy of $c_0$ if and only if there exists an equivalent renorming $| \cdot |$ on $X$ for which there exists $h\in S_{X^{****}}$ suc…
Let $A$ be a complex Banach algebra. If the spectrum of an invertible element $a\in A$ does not separate the plane, then $a$ admits a logarithm. We present two elementary proofs of this classical result which are independent of the holomorphic functional calculus. We also discuss the case of real Banach algebras. As applications, we obtain simple proofs that every invertible matrix over $\mathbb C$ has a logarithm and that every real matrix $M$ in $M_n(\mathbb R)$ with $\det M>0$ is a product of two real exponential matrices.
We consider a Banach algebra $A$ with the property that, roughly speaking, sufficiently many irreducible representations of $A$ on nontrivial Banach spaces do not vanish on all square zero elements. The class of Banach algebras with this property turns out to be quite large -- it includes $C^*$-algebras, group algebras on arbitrary locally compact groups, commutative algebras, $L(X)$ for any Banach space $X$, and various other examples. Our main result states that every derivation of $A$ that preserves the set of quasinilpotent elements has its range in the radical of $A$.
Muraleetharan and Thirulogasanthan in (J. Math. phys. 59, No. 10, 103506, 27p. (2018)) introduced the concept of Calkin Sspectrum of a bounded quaternionic linear operators. The study of this spectrum is establisched using the Fredholm operators theory. Motivated by this, we study the general framework of the Fredholm element with respect to a quaternionic Banach algebra homomorphism. First, we investigate the Fredholm S-spectrum of the sum of two elements in quaternionic Banach algebra by means of the Fredholm S-spectrum of the two elements. Next, we prove a perturbation result on this spectr…
We generalize results of Davie and Raeburn describing homotopy types of the group of invertible elements and of the set of idempotents of the projective tensor product of complex unital Banach algebras. We illustrate our results by specific examples.
This paper further investigates the implications of quasinilpotent equivalence for (pairs of) elements belonging to the socle of a semisimple Banach algebra. Specifically, not only does quasinilpotent equivalence of two socle elements imply spectral equality, but also the trace, determinant and spectral multiplicities of the elements must agree. It is hence shown that quasinilpotent equivalence is established by a weaker formula (than that of the spectral semidistance). More generally, in the second part, we show that two elements possessing finite spectra are quasinilpotent equivalent if and …
Let $A$ be a Banach algebra. By $σ(x)$ and $r(x)$ we denote the spectrum and the spectral radius of $x\in A$, respectively. We consider the relationship between elements $a,b\in A$ that satisfy one of the following two conditions: (1) $σ(ax) = σ(bx)$ for all $x\in A$, (2) $r(ax) \le r(bx)$ for all $x\in A$. In particular we show that (1) implies $a=b$ if $A$ is a $C^*$-algebra, and (2) implies $a\in \mathbb C b$ if $A$ is a prime $C^*$-algebra. As an application of the results concerning the conditions (1) and (2) we obtain some spectral characterizations of multiplicative maps.
In this article properties of the $(b, c)$-inverse, the inverse along an element, the outer inverse with prescribed range and null space $A^{(2)}_{T, S}$ and the Moore-Penrose inverse will be studied in the contexts of Banach spaces operators, Banach algebras and $C^*$-algebras. The main properties to be considered are the continuity, the differentiability and the openness of the sets of all invertible elements defined by all the aforementioned outer inverses but the Moore-Penrose inverse. The relationship between the $(b, c)$-inverse and the outer inverse $A^{(2)}_{T, S}$ will be also charact…
For each sequence X of finite-dimensional Banach spaces there exists a sequence H of finite connected nweighted graphs with maximum degree 3 such that the following conditions on a Banach space Y are equivalent: (1) Y admits uniformly isomorphic embeddings of elements of the sequence X. (2) Y admits uniformly bilipschitz embeddings of elements of the sequence H.
Commutativity preserving mappings in Banach algebras
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学数学物理学院）；Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor（马里博尔大学自然科学与数学学院）；IMFM, Ljubljana（斯洛文尼亚科学院数学物理研究所）；Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada（格拉纳达大学理学院数学分析系）
In stark contrast to the case of finite rank operators on a Banach space, the socle of a general, complex, semisimple, and unital Banach algebra $A$ may exhibit the `pathological' property that not all traceless elements of the socle of $A$ can be expressed as the commutator of two elements belonging to the socle. The aim of this paper is to show how one may develop an extension of $A$ which removes the aforementioned problem. A naive way of achieving this is to simply embed $A$ in the algebra of bounded linear operators on $A$, i.e. the natural embedding of $A$ into $\mathcal L(A)$. But this …
Classes of Banach spaces that are finitely, strongly finitely or elementary equivalent are introduced. On sets of these classes topologies are defined in such a way that sets of defined classes become compact totally disconnected topological spaces. Results are used in the problem of synthesis of Banach spaces, and to describe omittable spaces that are defined below.
Let $A$ be a complex semisimple Banach algebra with identity, and denote by $σ'(x)$ and $ρ(x)$ the nonzero spectrum and spectral radius of an element $x \in A$, respectively. We explore the relationship between elements $a, b \in A$ that satisfy one of the following conditions: (1) $σ' (ax) \subseteq σ' (bx)$ for all $x \in A$, (2) $ρ(ax) \leq ρ(bx)$ for all $x \in A$. The latter problem was identified by Brešar and Špenko in [7]. In particular, we use these conditions to spectrally characterize prime Banach algebras amongst the class of Banach algebras with nonzero socles, as well as to obtai…
In the present paper we investigate Banach--Kantorovich algebras over faithful solid subalgebras of algebras measurable functions. We prove that any Banach--Kantorovich algebra over faithful solid subalgebras of algebra measurable functions represented as a measurable bundle of Banach algebras with vector-valued lifting. We apply such representation to the spectrum of elements Banach--Kantorovich algebras.
A $Δ$-point $x$ of a Banach space is a norm one element that is arbitrarily close to convex combinations of elements in the unit ball that are almost at distance $2$ from $x$. If, in addition, every point in the unit ball is arbitrarily close to such convex combinations, $x$ is a Daugavet-point. A Banach space $X$ has the Daugavet property if and only if every norm one element is a Daugavet-point. We show that $Δ$- and Daugavet-points are the same in $L_1$-spaces, $L_1$-preduals, as well as in a big class of Müntz spaces. We also provide an example of a Banach space where all points on the uni…
