12 pages, latex, initially. Now it 10 pages long. It is modified accordingly to the changes made in the paper math.DS/0305388 which deals with the averages of three and seven functions and the weakly mixing case
Let $(X,\mathcal{B},μ, T)$ be a measure preserving system. We prove the pointwise convergence of averages along cubes of $2^{k}-1$ bounded and measurable functions for all $k$.
Let $(X,\mathcal{B},μ, T)$ be a measure preserving system. We prove the pointwise convergence of the averages $$\frac{1}{N^2}\sum_{n,m= 0}^{N-1} f_1(T^nx)f_2(T^mx)f_3(T^{n+m}x)$$ and of similar averages with seven bounded functions.
Let $(X, \mathcal{B}, μ)$ be a probability measure space and $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$ three not necessarily commuting measure preserving transformations on $(X, \mathcal{B}, μ)$. We prove that for all bounded functions $f_1$, $f_2$, $f_3$ the averages $$\frac{1}{N^2}\sum_{n, m =1}^N f_1(T_1^nx)f_2(T_2^mx)f_3(T_3^{n+m}x)$$ converges a.e. Generalizations to averages of $2^k -1$ functions are also given for not necessarily commuting weakly mixing systems.
We study algebraic properties of groups of PL or smooth homeomorphisms of unit cubes in any dimension, fixed pointwise on the boundary, and more generally PL or smooth groups acting on manifolds and fixing pointwise a submanifold of codimension 1 (resp. codimension 2), and show that such groups are locally indicable (resp. circularly orderable). We also give many examples of interesting groups that can act, and discuss some other algebraic constraints that such groups must satisfy, including the fact that a group of PL homeomorphisms of the n-cube (fixed pointwise on the boundary) contains no …
We prove the norm convergence of multiple ergodic averages along cubes for several commuting transformations, and derive corresponding combinatorial results. The method we use relies primarily on the "magic extension" established recently by B. ~Host.
We show that effective $2\ell$-multiple correlations imply quantitative $\ell$-multiple pointwise ergodic theorems. The result has a wide class of applications which include subgroup actions on homogeneous spaces, ergodic nilmanifold automorphisms, subshifts of finite type and Young towers.
Huang, Shao and Ye recently studied pointwise multiple averages by using suitable topological models. Using a notion of dynamical cubes introduced by the authors, the Huang-Shao-Ye technique and the Host machinery of magic systems, we prove that for a system $(X,μ,S,T)$ with commuting transformations $S$ and $T$, the average \[\frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{i,j=0}^{N-1} f_0(S^i x)f_1(T^j x)f_2(S^i T^j x)\] converges a.e. as $N$ goes to infinity for any $f_1,f_2,f_3\in L^{\infty}(μ)$.
We study the pointwise convergence of some weighted averages linked to averages along cubes. We show that if $(X,\mathcal{B},μ, T_i)$ are not necessarily commuting measure preserving systems on the same finite measure space and if $f_i,$ $1\leq i\leq 6$ are bounded functions then the averages $$\frac{1}{N^3}\sum_{n, m, p=1}^N f_1(T_1^nx) f_2(T_2^mx) f_3(T_3^px) f_4(T_4^{n+m}x) f_5(T_5^{n+p}x) f_6(T_6^{m+p}x)$$ converge almost everywhere.
We obtain sufficient conditions under which the limit of a sequence of functions exhibits a particular dynamical behaviour at a point like expansivity, shadowing, mixing, sensitivity and transitivity. We provide examples to show that the set of all expansive, positively expansive and sensitive points are neither open nor closed in general. We also observe that the set of all transitive and mixing points are closed but not open in general. We give examples to show that properties like expansivity, sensitivity, shadowing, transitivity and mixing at a point need not be preserved under uniform con…
We study the limiting behavior of multiple ergodic averages involving several not necessarily commuting measure preserving transformations. We work on two types of averages, one that uses iterates along combinatorial parallelepipeds, and another that uses iterates along shifted polynomials. We prove pointwise convergence in both cases, thus answering a question of I.Assani in the former case, and extending results of B.Host-B.Kra and A.Leibman in the latter case. Our argument is based on some elementary uniformity estimates of general bounded sequences, decomposition results in ergodic theory,…
The well-known Jewett-Krieger's Theorem states that each ergodic system has a strictly ergodic model. Strengthening the model by requiring that it is strictly ergodic under some group actions, and building the connection of the new model with the convergence of pointwise non-conventional ergodic averages we prove that for an ergodic system $(X,\X,μ, T)$, $d\in\N$, $f_1, \ldots, f_d \in L^{\infty}(μ)$, %and any tempered F{\rm $ø$}lner sequence $F_n$ of $\Z^2$, the averages \begin{equation*} \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{(n,m)\in F_N} f_1(T^nx)f_2(T^{n+m}x)\ldots f_d(T^{n+(d-1)m}x) \end{equation*} converg…
It is shown that there exist a subsequence for which the multiple ergodic averages of commuting invertible measure preserving transformations of a Lebesgue probability space converge almost everywhere provided that the maps are weakly mixing with an ergodic extra condition. The proof provides a example of non-singular dynamical system for which the maximal ergodic inequality does not hold. We further get that the non-singular strategy to solve the pointwise convergence of the Furstenberg ergodic averages fails.
For any measure preserving system $(X,\mathcal{B},μ,T_1,\ldots,T_d),$ where we assume no commutativity on the transformations $T_i,$ $1\leq i\leq d,$ we study the pointwise convergence of multiple ergodic averages with iterates of different growth coming from a large class of sublinear functions. This class properly contains important subclasses of Hardy field functions of order $0$ and of Fejér functions, i.e., tempered functions of order $0.$ We show that the convergence of the single average, via an invariant property, implies the convergence of the multiple one. We also provide examples of…
We show that for every ergodic system $(X,μ,T_1,\ldots,T_d)$ with commuting transformations, the average \[\frac{1}{N^{d+1}} \sum_{0\leq n_1,\ldots,n_d \leq N-1} \sum_{0\leq n\leq N-1} f_1(T_1^n \prod_{j=1}^d T_j^{n_j}x)f_2(T_2^n \prod_{j=1}^d T_j^{n_j}x)\cdots f_d(T_d^n \prod_{j=1}^d T_j^{n_j}x). \] converges for $μ$-a.e. $x\in X$ as $N\to\infty$. If $X$ is distal, we prove that the average \[\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=0}^{N} f_1(T_1^nx)f_2(T_2^nx)\cdots f_d(T_d^nx) \] converges for $μ$-a.e. $x\in X$ as $N\to\infty$. We also establish the pointwise convergence of averages along cubical configurations…
By building some suitable strictly ergodic models, we prove that for an ergodic system $(X,\mathcal{X},μ, T)$, $d\in{\mathbb N}$, $f_1, \ldots, f_d \in L^{\infty}(μ)$, the averages $$\frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{(n,m)\in [0,N-1]^2} f_1(T^nx)f_2(T^{n+m}x)\ldots f_d(T^{n+(d-1)m}x) $$ converge $μ$ a.e. Deriving some results from the construction, for distal systems we answer positively the question if the multiple ergodic averages converge a.e. That is, we show that if $(X,\mathcal{X},μ, T)$ is an ergodic distal system, and $f_1, \ldots, f_d \in L^{\infty}(μ)$, then multiple ergodic averages $$\frac 1 N\s…
Let ${\bf X}=(X, Σ, m, τ)$ be a dynamical system. We prove that the bilinear series $\sideset{}{'}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}\frac{f(τ^nx)g(τ^{-n}x)}{n}$ converges almost everywhere for each $f,g\in L^{\infty}(X).$ We also give a proof along the same lines of Bourgain's analog result for averages.
We prove a.e. convergence of continuous-time quadratic averages with respect to two commuting $\mathbb{R}$-actions, coming from a single jointly measurable measure-preserving $\mathbb{R}^2$-action on a probability space. The key ingredient of the proof comes from recent work on multilinear singular integrals; more specifically, from the study of a curved model for the triangular Hilbert transform.
It is shown that the cubic nonconventional ergodic averages of any order with a bounded aperiodic multiplicative function or von Mangoldt weights converge almost surely.
We prove that if $μ_n$ are probability measures on $Z$ such that $\hat μ_n$ converges to 0 uniformly on every compact subset of $(0,1)$, then there exists a subsequence $\{n_k\}$ such that the weighted ergodic averages corresponding to $μ_{n_k}$ satisfy a pointwise ergodic theorem in $L^1$. We further discuss the relationship between Fourier decay and pointwise ergodic theorems for subsequences, considering in particular the averages along $n^2+ \lfloor ρ(n)\rfloor$ for a slowly growing function $ρ$. Under some monotonicity assumptions, the rate of growth of $ρ'(x)$ determines the existence of…
We prove pointwise convergence, as $N\to \infty$, for the multiple ergodic averages $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^N f(T^nx)\cdot g(S^{a_n}x)$, where $T$ and $S$ are commuting measure preserving transformations, and $a_n$ is a random version of the sequence $[n^c]$ for some appropriate $c>1$. We also prove similar mean convergence results for averages of the form $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^N f(T^{a_n}x)\cdot g(S^{a_n}x)$, as well as pointwise results when $T$ and $S$ are powers of the same transformation. The deterministic versions of these results, where one replaces $a_n$ with $[n^c]$, remain open, and …
We show that for each Orlicz space properly contained in L^1 there is a sequence along which the ergodic averages converge for functions in the Orlicz space, but diverge for all f in L^1. This extends the work of K. Reinhold, who, building on the work of A. Bellow,constructed a sequence for which the averages converge a.e. for every f in L^p, p>q, but diverge for some f in L^q. Our method, introduced by Bellow and extended by Reinhold and M. Wierdl, is perturbation.
In 1967, Ross and Strömberg published a theorem about pointwise limits of orbital integrals for the left action of a locally compact group $G$ onto $(G,ρ)$, where $ρ$ is the right Haar measure. In this paper, we study the same kind of problem, but more generally for left actions of $G$ onto any measured space $(X,μ)$, which leaves the $σ$-finite measure $μ$ relatively invariant, in the sense that $sμ= Δ(s)μ$ for every $s\in G$, where $Δ$ is the modular function of $G$. As a consequence, we also obtain a generalization of a theorem of Civin, relative to one-parameter groups of measure preservin…
It is well-known that a strict analogue of the Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem in infinite ergodic theory is trivial; it states that for any infinite-measure-preserving ergodic system the Birkhoff average of every integrable function is almost everywhere zero. Nor does a different rescaling of the Birkhoff sum that leads to a non-degenerate pointwise limit exist. In this paper we give a version of Birkhoff's theorem for conservative, ergodic, infinite-measure-preserving dynamical systems where instead of integrable functions we use certain elements of $L^\infty$, which we generically call global obse…
Given any amenable group $G$ (with a left Haar measure $|\cdot|$ or $dg$), we can select out a \textit{Følner subnet} $\{F_θ,θ\inΘ\}$ from any left Følner net in $G$, which is \textit{$L^\infty$-admissible}, namely, for any Borel $G$-space $(X,\mathscr{X})$ and any $φ\in L^\infty(X,\mathscr{X})$, \begin{gather*} \lim_{θ\inΘ}\frac{1}{|F_θ|}\int_{F_θ}φ(gx)dg=φ^*(x)\ \forall x\in X\quad {\textrm{and}}\quad φ^*=(gφ)^*\ \forall g\in G. \end{gather*} Moreover, if $G$ is $σ$-compact such as a locally compact second countable Hausdorff amenable group, then $φ^*\in L^\infty(X,\mathscr{X})$, $φ^*(gx)=φ^…
We investigate pointwise convergence of entangled ergodic averages of Dunford-Schwartz operators $T_0,T_1,\ldots, T_m$ on a Borel probability space. These averages take the form \[ \frac{1}{N^k}\sum_{1\leq n_1,\ldots, n_k\leq N} T_m^{n_{α(m)}}A_{m-1}T^{n_{α(m-1)}}_{m-1}\ldots A_2T_2^{n_{α(2)}}A_1T_1^{n_{α(1)}} f, \] where $f\in L^p(X,μ)$ for some $1\leq p<\infty$, and $α:\left\{1,\ldots,m\right\}\to\left\{1,\ldots,k\right\}$ encodes the entanglement. We prove that under some joint boundedness and twisted compactness conditions on the pairs $(A_i,T_i)$, almost everywhere convergence holds for a…
Convergence properties of random ergodic averages have been extensively studied in the literature. In these notes, we exploit a uniform estimate by Cohen \& Cuny who showed convergence of a series along randomly perturbed times for functions in $L^2$ with $\int \max(1,\log (1+|t|)) dμ_f<\infty$. We prove universal pointwise convergence of a class of random averages along randomly perturbed times for $L^2$ functions with $\int \max(1,\log\log(1+|t|)) dμ_f<\infty$. For averages with additional smoothing properties, we obtain a universal variational inequality as well as universal pointwise conve…
Extending a result by Chilin and Litvinov, we show by construction that given any $σ$-finite infinite measure space $(Ω,\mathcal{A}, μ)$ and a function $f\in L^1(Ω)+L^\infty(Ω)$ with $μ(\{|f|>\varepsilon\})=\infty$ for some $\varepsilon>0$, there exists a Dunford-Schwartz operator $T$ over $(Ω,\mathcal{A}, μ)$ such that $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^N (T^nf)(x)$ fails to converge for almost every $x\inΩ$. In addition, for each operator we construct, the set of functions for which pointwise convergence fails almost everywhere is residual in $L^1(Ω)+L^\infty(Ω)$.
In this survey we review useful tools that naturally arise in the study of pointwise convergence problems in analysis, ergodic theory and probability. We will pay special attention to quantitative aspects of pointwise convergence phenomena from the point of view of oscillation estimates in both the single and several parameter settings. We establish a number of new oscillation inequalities and give new proofs for known results with elementary arguments.