The holonomy algebra $\g$ of an indecomposable Lorentzian (n+2)-dimensional manifold $M$ is a weakly-irreducible subalgebra of the Lorentzian algebra $\so_{1,n+1}$.
L. Berard Bergery and A. Ikemakhen divided weakly-irreducible not irreducible subalgebras into 4 types and associated with each such subalgebra $\g$ a subalgebra $\h\subset \so_n$ of the orthogonal Lie algebra. We give a description of the spaces $\R(\g)$ of the curvature tensors for algebras of each type in terms of the space $¶(\h)$ of $\h$-valued 1-forms on $\Real^n$ that satisfy the Bianchi identity and reduce the classification of the holonomy algebras of Lorentzian manifolds to the classification of irreducible subalgebras $\h$ of $so(n)$ with $L(¶(\h))=\h$. We prove that for $n\leq 9$ any such subalgebra $\h$ is the holonomy algebra of a Riemannian manifold. This gives a classification of the holonomy algebras for Lorentzian manifolds $M$ of dimension $\leq 11$.
On a Lorentzian manifold the existence of a parallel null vector field implies certain constraint conditions on the induced Riemannian geometry of a space-like hypersurface. We will derive these constraint conditions and, conversely, show that every real analytic Riemannian manifold satisfying the constraint conditions can be extended to a Lorentzian manifold with a parallel null vector field. Similarly, every parallel null spinor on a Lorentzian manifold induces an imaginary generalised Killing spinor on a space-like hypersurface. Then, based on the fact that a parallel spinor field induces a…
Holonomy algebras of Weyl connections in Lorentzian signature are classified. In particular, examples of Weyl connections with all possible holonomy algebras are constructed.
We prove that each special Lorentzian holonomy group (with the exception of those including the isotropy groups of Kähler symmetric spaces with rank greater than one) can be realized as the holonomy group of a globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifold.
All candidates to the weakly-irreducible not irreducible holonomy algebras of Lorentzian manifolds are known. In the present paper metrics that realize all these candidates as holonomy algebras are given. This completes the classification of the Lorentzian holonomy algebras. Also new examples of metrics with the holonomy algebras $g_2\zr\Real^7\subset\so(1,8)$ and $\spin(7)\zr\Real^8\subset\so(1,9)$ are constructed.
It is shown how one can apply the classification of the holonomy algebras of Lorentzian manifolds to solve some problems. In particular, a new proof to the classification of Lorentzian manifolds with recurrent curvature tensor is given; the classification of two-symmetric Lorentzian manifolds is explained; conformally recurrent Lorentzian manifolds are classified; recurrent symmetric bilinear forms on Lorentzian manifolds are described.
We consider (compact or noncompact) Lorentzian manifolds whose holonomy group has compact closure. Among other results, we obtain that this property is equivalent to admitting a parallel timelike vector field. We also derive some properties of the space of all such metrics on a given manifold.
The local classification of conformally flat Lorentzian manifolds with special holonomy groups is obtained. The corresponding local metrics are certain extensions of Riemannian spaces of constant sectional curvature to Walker metrics.
We consider a class of $S^{1}$-bundles whose total space admits a nowhere vanishing recurrent lightlike vector field with respect to a Lorentzian metric. This metric can be modified such that its restricted holonomy group is indecomposable and reducible. We apply Hodge theory to construct examples with Hermitian screen holonomy. Finally, we construct complete pp-waves.
We study the full holonomy group of Lorentzian manifolds with a parallel null line bundle. We prove several results that are based on the classification of the restricted holonomy groups of such manifolds and provide a construction method for manifolds with disconnected holonomy which starts from a Riemannian manifold and a properly discontinuous group of isometries. Most of our examples are quotients of pp-waves with disconnected holonomy and without parallel vector field. Furthermore, we classify the full holonomy groups of solvable Lorentzian symmetric spaces and of Lorentzian manifolds wit…
The classification of all possible holonomy algebras of Einstein and vacuum Einstein Lorentzian manifolds is obtained. It is shown that each such algebra appears as the holonomy algebra of an Einstein (resp., vacuum Einstein) Lorentzian manifold, the direct constructions are given. Also the holonomy algebras of totally Ricci-isotropic Lorentzian manifolds are classified. The classification of the holonomy algebras of Lorentzian manifolds is reviewed and a complete description of the spaces of curvature tensors for these holonomies is given.
In this paper, a survey of the recent results about the classification of the connected holonomy groups of the Lorentzian manifolds is given. A simplification of the construction of the Lorentzian metrics with all possible connected holonomy groups is obtained. As the applications, the Einstein equation, Lorentzian manifolds with parallel and recurrent spinor fields, conformally flat Walker metrics and the classification of 2-symmetric Lorentzian manifolds are considered.
If the holonomy representation of an $(n+2)$--dimensional simply-connected Lorentzian manifold $(M,h)$ admits a degenerate invariant subspace its holonomy group is contained in the parabolic group $(\mathbb{R} \times SO(n))\ltimes \mathbb{R}^n$. The main ingredient of such a holonomy group is the SO(n)--projection $G:=pr_{SO(n)}(Hol_p(M,h))$ and one may ask whether it has to be a Riemannian holonomy group. In this paper we show that this is the case if $G\subset U(n/2)$ or if the irreducible acting components of $G$ are simple.
We study the lightlike foliations that appear on Lorentzian manifolds with weakly irreducible not irreducible holonomy algebra. We give global structure equations for the foliation that generalize the Gauss and Weingarten equations for one lightlike hypersurface. This gives us some global operators on the manifold. Using these operators, we decompose the curvature tensor of the manifold into several components. We give a criteria how to find the type of the holonomy algebras (there are 4 possible types) in terms of the global operators.
The holonomy group of an (n+2)-dimensional simply-connected, indecomposable but non-irreducible Lorentzian manifold (M,h) is contained in the parabolic group $(\mathbb{R} \times SO(n))\ltimes \mathbb{R}^n$. The main ingredient of such a holonomy group is the SO(n)--projection $G:=pr_{SO(n)}(Hol_p(M,h))$ and one may ask whether it has to be a Riemannian holonomy group. In this paper we show that this is always the case, completing our results of the first part math.DG/0305139. We draw consequences for the existence of parallel spinors on Lorentzian manifolds.
The main result of this paper is that a Lorentzian manifold is locally conformally equivalent to a manifold with recurrent lightlike vector field and totally isotropic Ricci tensor if and only if its conformal tractor holonomy admits a 2-dimensional totally isotropic invariant subspace. Furthermore, for semi-Riemannian manifolds of arbitrary signature we prove that the conformal holonomy algebra of a $C$-space is a Berger algebra. For Ricci-flat spaces we show how the conformal holonomy can be obtained by the holonomy of the ambient metric and get results for Riemannian manifolds and plane wav…
The classification of the holonomy algebras of Lorentzian manifolds can be reduced to the classification of irreducible subalgebras $\mathfrak{h}\subset\mathfrak{so}(n)$ that are spanned by the images of linear maps from $\mathbb{R}^n$ to $\mathfrak{h}$ satisfying an identity similar to the Bianchi one. T. Leistner found all such subalgebras and it turned out that the obtained list coincides with the list of irreducible holonomy algebras of Riemannian manifolds. The natural problem is to give a simple direct proof to this fact. We give such proof for the case of semisimple not simple Lie algeb…
Weakly-irreducible not irreducible subalgebras of $\so(1,n+1)$ were classified by L. Berard Bergery and A. Ikemakhen. In the present paper a geometrical proof of this result is given. Transitively acting isometry groups of Lobachevskian spaces and transitively acting similarity transformation groups of Euclidean spaces are classified.
We compute the full holonomy group of compact Lorentzian manifolds with parallel Weyl tensor, which are neither conformally flat nor locally symmetric, for the case where the fundamental group is contained in a distinguished subgroup G of the isometry group of the universal cover. To prove this, we show that every such compact Lorentzian manifold has to be geodesically complete. Moreover we characterize the identity component of the isometry group for this universal cover and show that G is up to a discrete factor contained in the latter. Concretely, we prove that the identity component of the…
We investigate geometric properties of indecomposable but non-irreducible Lorentzian manifolds, which are total spaces of circle bundles. We investigate under which conditions these manifolds are complete and give examples which fulfill the obtained conditions. In particular we investigate the Einstein equation for these spaces yielding examples for complete compact Ricci flat Lorentzian manifolds and manifolds with timelike Killing vector fields. Finally we study their holonomy and obtain in particular complete examples for Lorentzian manifolds with holonomy of so called type 4.
We prove that the Cauchy problem for parallel null vector fields on smooth Lorentzian manifolds is well posed. The proof is based on the derivation and analysis of suitable hyperbolic evolution equations given in terms of the Ricci tensor and other geometric objects. Moreover, we classify Riemannian manifolds satisfying the constraint conditions for this Cauchy problem. It is then possible to characterise certain holonomy reductions of globally hyperbolic manifolds with parallel null vector in terms of flow equations for Riemannian special holonomy metrics. For exceptional holonomy groups thes…
Manifolds with exceptional holonomy play an important role in string theory, supergravity and M-theory. It is explained how one can find the holonomy algebra of an arbitrary Riemannian or Lorentzian manifold. Using the de~Rham and Wu decompositions, this problem is reduced to the case of locally indecomposable manifolds. In the case of locally indecomposable Riemannian manifolds, it is known that the holonomy algebra can be found from the analysis of special geometric structures on the manifold. If the holonomy algebra $\mathfrak{g}\subset\mathfrak{so}(1,n-1)$ of a locally indecomposable Loren…
A pp-wave is a Lorentzian manifold with a parallel light-like vector field satisfying a certain curvature condition. We introduce generalisations of pp-waves, on one hand by allowing the vector field to be recurrent and on the other hand by weakening the curvature condition. These generalisations are related to the screen holonomy of the Lorentzian manifold. While pp-waves have a trivial screen holonomy there are no restrictions on the screen holonomy of the manifolds with the weaker curvature condition.
We classify two-symmetric Lorentzian manifolds using methods of the theory of holonomy groups. These manifolds are exhausted by a special type of pp-waves and, like the symmetric Cahen-Wallach spaces, they have commutative holonomy.
We address the problem of finding conditions under which a compact Lorentzian manifold is geodesically complete, a property, which always holds for compact Riemannian manifolds. It is known that a compact Lorentzian manifold is geodesically complete if it is homogeneous, or has constant curvature, or admits a time-like conformal vector field. We consider certain Lorentzian manifolds with Abelian holonomy, which are locally modelled by the so called pp-waves, and which, in general, do not satisfy any of the above conditions. %the condition that their curvature sends vectors that are orthogonal …
Holonomy algebras of Lorentzian Weyl spin manifolds with weighted parallel spinors are found. For Lorentzian Weyl manifolds admitting recurrent null vector fields are introduced special local coordinates similar to Kundt and Walker ones. Using that, the local form of all Lorentzian Weyl spin manifolds with weighted parallel spinors is given. The Einstein-Weyl equation for the obtained Weyl structures is analyzed and examples of Einstein-Weyl spaces with weighted parallel spinors are given.
The problem of classification of connected holonomy groups (equivalently of holonomy algebras) for pseudo-Riemannian manifolds is open. The classification of Riemannian holonomy algebras is a classical result. The classification of Lorentzian holonomy algebras was obtained recently. In the present paper weakly-irreducible not irreducible subalgebras of $\su(1,n+1)$ ($n\geq 0$) are classified. Weakly-irreducible not irreducible holonomy algebras of pseudo-Kählerian and special pseudo-Kählerian manifolds are classified. An example of metric for each possible holonomy algebra is given. This gives…
The holonomy algebra $\g$ of an $n+2$-dimensional Lorentzian manifold $(M,g)$ admitting a parallel distribution of isotropic lines is contained in the subalgebra $\simil(n)=(\Real\oplus\so(n))\zr\Real^n\subset\so(1,n+1)$. An important invariant of $\g$ is its $\so(n)$-projection $\h\subset\so(n)$, which is a Riemannian holonomy algebra. One component of the curvature tensor of the manifold belongs to the space $¶(\h)$ consisting of linear maps from $\Real^n$ to $\h$ satisfying an identity similar to the Bianchi one. In the present paper the spaces $¶(\h)$ are computed for each possible $\h$. T…
In this paper we study weakly irreducible holonomy representations of the normal connection of a spacelike submanifold in a pseudo-Riemannian space from. We associate screen representations to weakly irreducible normal holonomy groups and classify the screen representations having the Borel-Lichnérowicz property. In particular, we derive a classification of Lorentzian normal holonomy representations.
A parallel lightlike vector field on a Lorentzian manifold $X$ naturally defines a foliation $\mathcal{F}$ of codimension one. If either all leaves of $\mathcal{F}$ are compact or $X$ itself is compact admitting a compact leaf and the (transverse) Ricci curvature is non-negative then a Bochner type argument implies that the first Betti number of $X$ is bounded by $1 \leq b_{1} \leq \dim X$ if $X$ is compact and $0 \leq b_{1} \leq \dim X -1$ otherwise. We show that these bounds are optimal and depending on the holonomy of $X$ we obtain further results. Finally, we classify the holonomy represen…
By a classical theorem of Gallot (1979), a Riemannian cone over a complete Riemannian manifold is either flat or has irreducible holonomy. We consider metric cones with reducible holonomy over pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. First we describe the local structure of the base of the cone when the holonomy of the cone is decomposable. For instance, we find that the holonomy algebra of the base is always the full pseudo-orthogonal Lie algebra. One of the global results is that a cone over a compact and complete pseudo-Riemannian manifold is either flat or has indecomposable holonomy. Then we analyse …
We consider an asymptotically flat Lorentzian manifold of dimension (1,3). An inequality is derived which bounds the Riemannian curvature tensor in terms of the ADM energy in the general case with second fundamental form. The inequality quantifies in which sense the Lorentzian manifold becomes flat in the limit when the ADM energy tends to zero.
For an arbitrary subalgebra $\mathfrak{h}\subset\mathfrak{so}(r,s)$, a polynomial pseudo-Riemannian metric of signature $(r+2,s+2)$ is constructed, the holonomy algebra of this metric contains $\mathfrak{h}$ as a subalgebra. This result shows the essential distinction of the holonomy algebras of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds of index bigger or equal to 2 from the holonomy algebras of Riemannian and Lorentzian manifolds.
Narasimhan and Ramadas showed that the restricted holonomy group of the Coulomb connection is dense in the connected component of the identity of the gauge group when one considers the product principal bundle $S^3 \times SU(2)\to S^3$. Instead of a base manifold S^3, we consider here a base manifold of dimension $n\ge 2$ with a boundary and use Dirichlet boundary conditions on connections as defined by Marini. A key step in the method of Narasimhan and Ramadas consisted in showing that the linear space spanned by the curvature form at one specially chosen connection is dense in the holonomy L…
In this paper we examine the structure of Riemannian manifolds with a special kind of Codazzi tensors. We use them to construct globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds with complete Cauchy hypersurfaces for any weakly irreducible holonomy representation with parallel spinors, i.e. with a holonomy group which is a semidirect product between $\R^{n-2}$ and one of $\1, SU(k), Sp(1), G_2$ and $Spin(7)$.
Holonomy Reconstruction and Character Varieties of Lorentzian Curved Tetrahedra
Institute for Theoretical Sciences, and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Westlake University（西湖大学理论科学研究所及物理与天文系）；Westlake Institute for Advanced Study（西湖高等研究院）；Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Tsinghua University（清华大学丘成桐数学科学中心）
In this paper we prove that the holonomy group of a simply connected locally projectively flat Finsler manifold of constant curvature is a finite dimensional Lie group if and only if it is flat or it is Riemannian.
The holonomy algebras of Einstein not Ricci-flat pseudo-Riemannian manifolds of arbitrary signature are classified. As illustrating examples, the cases of Lorentzian manifolds, pseudo-Riemannian manifolds of signature $(2,n)$ and the para-quaternionic-Kählerian manifolds with non-zero scalar curvature are considered. Einstein not Ricci-flat metrics of signature $(2,n)$ with all possible holonomy algebras are given.
In this paper, we investigate the holonomy structure of the most accessible and demonstrative 2-dimensional Finsler surfaces, the Randers surfaces. Randers metrics can be considered as the solutions of the Zermelo navigation problem. We give the classification of the holonomy groups of locally projectively flat Randers two-manifolds of constant curvature. In particular, we prove that the holonomy group of a simply connected non-Riemannian projectively flat Finsler two-manifold of constant non-zero flag curvature is maximal and isomorphic to the orientation preserving diffeomorphism group of th…
Some analysis on the Lorentzian distance in a spacetime with controlled sectional (or Ricci) curvatures is done. In particular, we focus on the study of the restriction of such distance to a spacelike hypersurface satisfying the Omori-Yau maximum principle. As a consequence, and under appropriate hypotheses on the (sectional or Ricci) curvatures of the ambient spacetime, we obtain sharp estimates for the mean curvature of those hypersurfaces. Moreover, we also give a suficient condition for its hyperbolicity.
The classifications of holonomy groups in Lorentzian and in Euclidean signature are quite different. A group of interest in Lorentzian signature in n dimensions is the maximal proper subgroup of the Lorentz group, SIM(n-2). Ricci-flat metrics with SIM(2) holonomy were constructed by Kerr and Goldberg, and a single four-dimensional example with a non-zero cosmological constant was exhibited by Ghanam and Thompson. Here we reduce the problem of finding the general $n$-dimensional Einstein metric of SIM(n-2) holonomy, with and without a cosmological constant, to solving a set linear generalised L…
We prove that energy minimizing Yang-Mills connections on a compact $G_{2}$-manifold has holonomy equal to $G_{2}$ are $G_{2}$-instantons, subject to an extra condition on the curvature. Furthermore, we show that energy minimizing connections on a compact Calabi-Yau $3$-fold has holonomy equal to $SU(3)$ subject to a similar condition are holomorphic.
The problem of classification of connected holonomy groups (equivalently of holonomy algebras) for pseudo-Riemannian manifolds is open. The classification of Riemannian holonomy algebras is a classical result. The classification of Lorentzian holonomy algebras was obtained recently. In the present paper weakly-irreducible not irreducible subalgebras of $\su(1,n+1)$ ($n\geq 0$) are classified. Weakly-irreducible not irreducible holonomy algebras of pseudo-Kählerian and special pseudo-Kählerian manifolds are classified. An example of metric for each possible holonomy algebra is given. This gives…
The harmonic oscillator as a distinguished dynamical system can be defined not only on the Euclidean plane but also on the sphere and on the hyperbolic plane, and more generally on any configuration space with constant curvature and with a metric of any signature, either Riemannian (definite positive) or Lorentzian (indefinite). In this paper we study the main properties of these `curved' harmonic oscillators simultaneously on any such configuration space, using a Cayley-Klein (CK) type approach, with two free parameters $\ki, \kii$ which altogether correspond to the possible values for curvat…
The holonomy group $G$ of a pseudo-quaternionic-Kählerian manifold of signature $(4r,4s)$ with non-zero scalar curvature is contained in $\Sp(1)\cdot\Sp(r,s)$ and it contains $\Sp(1)$. It is proved that either $G$ is irreducible, or $s=r$ and $G$ preserves an isotropic subspace of dimension $4r$, in the last case, there are only two possibilities for the connected component of the identity of such $G$. This gives the classification of possible connected holonomy groups of pseudo-quaternionic-Kählerian manifolds of non-zero scalar curvature.
An explicit expression of the canonical 8-form on a Riemannian manifold with a Spin(9)-structure, in terms of the nine local symmetric involutions involved, is given. The list of explicit expressions of all the canonical forms related to Berger's list of holonomy groups is thus completed. Moreover, some results on Spin(9)-structures as G-structures defined by a tensor and on the curvature tensor of the Cayley planes, are obtained.
Recently, we developed a method for the study of holonomy properties of non-Riemannian Finsler manifolds and obtained that the holonomy group can not be a compact Lie group, if the Finsler manifold of dimension $> 2$ has non-zero constant flag curvature. The purpose of this paper is to move further, exploring the holonomy properties of projectively flat Finsler manifolds of non-zero constant flag curvature. We prove in particular that projectively flat Randers and Bryant-Shen manifolds of non-zero constant flag curvature have infinite dimensional holonomy group.
In this paper we show that the topological closure of the holonomy group of a certain class of projectively flat Finsler 2-manifolds of constant curvature is maximal, that is isomorphic to the connected component of the diffeomorphism group of the circle. This class of 2-manifolds contains the standard Funk plane of constant negative curvature and the Bryant-Shen-spheres of constant positive curvature. The result provides the first examples describing completely infinite dimensional Finslerian holonomy structures.
(This is a revised version of the paper) - In the present paper we study the geometry of doubly extended Lie groups with their natural biinvariant metric. We describe the curvature, the holonomy and the space of parallel spinors. This is completely done for all simply connected groups with biinvariantmetric of Lorentzian signature $(1,n-1)$, of signature $(2,n-2)$ and of signature $(p,q)$, where $p+q\leq 6$. Furthermore, some special series with higher signature are discussed.
Our goal in this paper is to make an attempt to find the largest Lie algebra of vector fields on the indicatrix such that all its elements are tangent to the holonomy group of a Finsler manifold. First, we introduce the notion of the curvature algebra, generated by curvature vector fields, then we define the infinitesimal holonomy algebra by the smallest Lie algebra of vector fields on an indicatrix, containing the curvature vector fields and their horizontal covariant derivatives with respect to the Berwald connection. At the end we introduce the notion of the holonomy algebra of a Finsler ma…
