Michael K. Kinyon, Kenneth Kunen, J. D. Phillips
We study a variety of loops, RIF, which arise naturally from considering inner mapping groups, and a somewhat larger variety, ARIF. All Steiner and Moufang loops are RIF, and all flexible C-loops are ARIF. We show that all ARIF loops are diassociative, thus generalizing Moufang's Theorem.
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Andrew Rajah posed at the Loops'11 Conference in Trest, Czech Republic, the following conjecture: Is every variety of loops that satisfies Moufang's theorem contained in the variety of Moufang loops? This paper is motivated by that problem. We give a partial answer to this question and present two types of Steiner loops, one that satisfies Moufang's theorem and another that does not, and neither is Moufang loop.
A loop $X$ is said to satisfy Moufang's theorem if for every $x,y,z\in X$ such that $x(yz)=(xy)z$ the subloop generated by $x$, $y$, $z$ is a group. We prove that the variety $V$ of Steiner loops satisfying the identity $(xz)(((xy)z)(yz)) = ((xz)((xy)z))(yz)$ is not contained in the variety of Moufang loops, yet every loop in $V$ satisfies Moufang's theorem. This solves a problem posed by Andrew Rajah.
We define a variety of loops called semiautomorphic, inverse property loops that generalize Moufang and Steiner loops. We first show an equivalence between a previously studied variety of loops. Next we extend several known results for Moufang and Steiner loops. That is, the commutant is a subloop and if $a$ is in the commutant, then $a^{2}$ is a Moufang element, $a^{3}$ is a $c$-element and $a^{6}$ is in the center. Finally, we give two constructions for semiautomorphic inverse property loops based on Chein's and de Barros and Juriaans' doubling constructions.
An open problem in theory of loops is to find the variety of non- Moufang loops satisfying the Moufang Theorem. In this note, we present a variety of local smooth diassociative loops with such property.
In this study we introduce $α$-elasticity property for generalized Moufang loops. Necessary and sufficient conditions for $α$-elasticity of generalized Moufang loops to be universal are given. Using the universal conditions, and in some cases, with the newly introduced right and left $α$-alternative laws for generalized Moufang loops, some properties of generalized Moufang loops are studied. Condition under which the generalized Moufang loop is an abelian group is stated.
This paper proves that the variety generated by a centrally nilpotent Moufang loop (or centrally nilpotent A-loop) is finitely based.
Using groups with triality we obtain some general multiplication formulas in Moufang loops, construct Moufang extensions of abelian groups, and describe the structure of minimal extensions for finite simple Moufang loops over abelian groups.
We show that each half-automorphism of a finite automorphic Moufang loop is trivial. In general this is not true for finite left automorphic Moufang loops and for finite automorphic loops.
We investigate the relation between the structure of a Moufang loop and its inner mapping group. Moufang loops of odd order with commuting inner mappings have nilpotency class at most two. $6$-divisible Moufang loops with commuting inner mappings have nilpotency class at most two. There is a Moufang loop of order $2^{14}$ with commuting inner mappings and of nilpotency class three.
We derive presentations for Moufang loops of type $M(G,2)$, defined by Chein, with $G$ finite, two-generated. We then use $G=S_3$ to visualize the smallest non-associative Moufang loop.
C-loops are loops satisfying $x(y(yz))=((xy)y)z$. They often behave analogously to Moufang loops and they are closely related to Steiner triple systems and combinatorics. We initiate the study of C-loops by proving: (i) Steiner loops are C-loops, (ii) C-loops are alternative, inverse property loops with squares in the nucleus, (iii) the nucleus of a C-loop is a normal subgroup, (iv) C-loops modulo their nucleus are Steiner loops, (v) C-loops are power associative, power alternative but not necessarily diassociative, (vi) torsion commutative C-loops are products of torsion abelian groups and to…
In groups, an abelian normal subgroup induces an abelian congruence. We construct a class of centrally nilpotent Moufang loops containing an abelian normal subloop that does not induce an abelian congruence. On the other hand, we prove that in $6$-divisible Moufang loops, every abelian normal subloop induces an abelian congruence. In loops, congruence solvability adopted from the universal-algebraic commutator theory of congruence modular varieties is strictly stronger than classical solvability adopted from group theory. It is an open problem whether the two notions of solvability coincide in…
We classify Moufang loops of order 64 and 81 up to isomorphism, using a linear algebraic approach to central loop extensions. In addition to the 267 groups of order 64, there are 4262 nonassociative Moufang loops of order 64. In addition to the $15$ groups of order $81$, there are $5$ nonassociative Moufang loops of order $81$, $2$ of which are commutative.
We prove that if the squaring map in the factor loop of a Moufang loop $Q$ over its nucleus is surjective, then every half-isomorphism of $Q$ onto a Moufang loop is either an isomorphism or an anti-isomorphism. This generalizes all earlier results in this vein.
For finite Moufang loops, we prove an analog of the first Sylow theorem giving a criterion of the existence of a p-Sylow subloop. We also find the maximal order of p-subloops in the Moufang loops that do not possess p-Sylow subloops.
We show how to obtain all nonassociative Moufang loops of order less than 64 and 4262 nonassociative Moufang loops of order 64 in a unified way. We conjecture that there are no other nonassociative Moufang loops of order 64. The main idea of the computer search is to modify precisely one quarter of the multiplication table in a certain way, previously applied to small 2-groups.
Nonassociative finite simple Moufang loops are exactly the loops constructed by Paige from Zorn vector matrix algebras. We prove this result anew, using geometric loop theory. In order to make the paper accessible to a broader audience, we carefully discuss the connections between composition algebras, simple Moufang loops, simple Moufang 3-nets, $S$-simple groups and groups with triality. Related results on multiplication groups, automorphisms groups and generators of Paige loops are provided.
Moufang loops are one of the best-known generalizations of groups. There is only one countable family of nonassociative finite simple Moufang loops, arising from the split octonion algebras. We prove that every member of this family is generated by three elements, using the classical results on generators of unimodular groups.
We construct a Moufang loop $M$ of order $3^{19}$ and a pair $a,b$ of its elements such that the set of all elements of $M$ that associate with $a$ and $b$ does not form a subloop. This is also an example of a nonassociative Moufang loop with a generating set whose every three elements associate.
Let $L$ be a Moufang loop which is centrally nilpotent of class 2. We first show that the nuclearly-derived subloop (normal associator subloop) $L^*$ of $L$ has exponent dividing 6. It follows that $L_p$ (the subloop of $L$ of elements of $p$-power order) is associative for $p>3$. Next, a loop $L$ is said to be a {\it small Frattini Moufang loop}, or SFML, if $L$ has a central subgroup $Z$ of order $p$ such that $C\isom L/Z$ is an elementary abelian $p$-group. $C$ is thus given the structure of what we call a {\it coded vector space}, or CVS. (In the associative/group case, CVS's are either or…
We describe all constructions for loops of Bol-Moufang type analogous to the Chein construction $M(G,*,g_0)$ for Moufang loops.
A loop identity is of Bol-Moufang type if two of its three variables occur once on each side, the third variable occurs twice on each side, and the order in which the variables appear on both sides is the same, viz. $((xy)x)z=x(y(xz))$. Loop varieties defined by one identity of Bol-Moufang type include groups, Bol loops, Moufang loops and C-loops. We show that there are exactly 14 such varieties, and determine all inclusions between them, providing all necessary counterexamples, too. This extends and completes the programme of Fenyves.
We construct two infinite series of Moufang loops of exponent $3$ whose commutative center (i.e. the set of elements that commute with all elements of the loop) is not a normal subloop. In particular, we obtain examples of such loops of orders $3^8$ and $3^{11}$ one of which can be defined as the Moufang triplication of the free Burnside group $B(3,3)$.
We present an elementary proof that the nonassociative simple Moufang loops over finite prime fields are generated by three elements. In the last section, we conclude that integral Cayley numbers of unit norm are generated multiplicatively by three elements.
Power graphs of both groups and semigroups have been widely studied. While the power graph of a quasigroup can be defined analogously to that of a group, power graphs of quasigroups and loops have thus far been little studied. In this paper we begin transferring results on the power graphs of groups to the context of loops by addressing a question posed by Peter Cameron: if two Moufang loops have isomorphic undirected power graphs, must they have isomorphic directed power graphs? It is known that two groups with isomorphic undirected power graphs must have isomorphic directed power graphs. We …
An A-loop is a loop in which every inner mapping is an automorphism. We settle a problem which had been open since 1956 by showing that every diassociative A-loop is Moufang.
We prove that a normal subloop $X$ of a Moufang loop $Q$ induces an abelian congruence of $Q$ if and only if each inner mapping of $Q$ restricts to an automorphism of $X$ and $u(xy) = (uy)x$ for all $x,y\in X$ and $u\in Q$. The former condition can be omitted when $X$ is $3$-divisible. This characterization is then used to show that classically solvable finite $3$-divisible Moufang loops are congruence solvable.
We investigate Moufang loops which can be written as the semidirect product of a loop and a group. We also examine a particular class of loop extensions which arise as a result of a finite cyclic group acting as a group of semiautomorphisms on an inverse property loop. A question posed by Gagola III related to such extensions is partially answered, and we give several examples which illustrate that, in general, these extensions are not well-behaved.
The probability that $m$ randomly chosen elements of a finite power associative loop $C$ have prescribed orders and generate $C$ is calculated in terms of certain constants related to the action of $Aut(C)$ on the subloop lattice of $C$. As an illustration, all meaningful probabilities of random generation by elements of given orders are found for the smallest nonassociative simple Moufang loop.
We use groups with triality to construct a series of nonassociative Moufang loops. Certain members of this series contain an abelian normal subloop with the corresponding quotient being a cyclic group. In particular, we give a new series of examples of finite abelian-by-cyclic Moufang loops. The previously known [A. Rajah, J. Alg., 235 (2001), 66-93] loops of this type of odd order 3q^3, with prime q congruent to 1 mod 3, are particular cases of our series. Some of the examples are shown to be embeddable into a Cayley algebra.
Let $F$ be a perfect field and $M^*(F)$ the nonassociative simple Moufang loop consisting of the units in the (unique) split octonion algebra $O(F)$ modulo the center. Then $Aut(M^*(F))$ is equal to $G_2(F) \rtimes Aut(F)$. In particular, every automorphism of $M^*(F)$ is induced by a semilinear automorphism of $O(F)$. The proof combines results and methods from geometrical loop theory, groups of Lie type and composition algebras; its gist being an identification of the automorphism group of a Moufang loop with a subgroup of the automorphism group of the associated group with triality.
For most (and possibly all) non-associative finite simple Moufang loops, three generators of order 3 can be chosen so that each two of them generate a group isomorphic to $(3, 3 | 3, p)$. The subgroup structure of $(3, 3 | 3, p)$ depends on the solvability of a certain quadratic congruence, and it is described here in terms of generators.
We give an interpretation of the construction of torsors from preceding work (Bertram, Kinyon: Associative Geometries. I, J. Lie Theory 20) in terms of classical projective geometry. For the Desarguesian case, this leads to a reformulation of certain results from lot.cit., whereas for the Moufang case the result is new. But even in the Desarguesian case it sheds new light on the relation between the lattice structure and the algebraic structures of a projective space.
Approximate Subloops in Moufang Loops
本文研究Moufang环中的近子环结构，建立内在乘积集恒等式和覆盖结果，提出有限核降维原理，并在交换Moufang环中推导出Freiman型定理及多项式覆盖定理。
The decomposition theorem for torsion abelian groups holds analogously for torsion commutative diassociative loops. With this theorem in mind, we investigate commutative diassociative loops satisfying the additional condition (trivially satisfied in the abelian group case) that all $n$th powers are central, for a fixed $n$. For $n=2$, we get precisely commutative $C$ loops. For $n=3$, a prominent variety is that of commutative Moufang loops. Many analogies between commutative C and Moufang loops have been noted in the literature, often obtained by interchanging the role of the primes 2 and 3. …
It is well known that if a group G factorizes as G = NH where H\leq G and N is normal in G then the group structure of G is determined by the subgroups H and N, the intersection of N with H and how H acts on N with a homomorphism f : H -> Aut(N). Here we generalize the idea by creating extensions using the semi-automorphism group of N. We show that if G=NH is a Moufang loop, N is a normal subloop, and H=<u> is a finite cyclic group of order coprime to three then the binary operation of G depends only on the binary operation of N, the intersection of N with H, and how u permutes the elements of…
Let a Moufang loop Q contain a non-unitary subloop, which is a simple loop. Then Q is not embedded into a loop of invertible elements of any alternative algebra.
We study abelian-by-cyclic Moufang loops. We construct all split $3$-divisible abelian-by-cyclic Moufang loops from so-called Moufang permutations on abelian groups $(X,+)$, which are permutations that deviate from an automorphism of $(X,+)$ by an alternating biadditive mapping (satisfying certain properties). More generally, we obtain additional abelian-by-cyclic Moufang loops from so-called construction pairs. As an aside, we show that in the Moufang loops $Q$ obtained from a construction pair on $(X,+)$ the abelian normal subgroup $(X,+)$ induces an abelian congruence of $Q$ if and only if …
We introduce the concept of propagating equations and focus on the case of associativity propagating in varieties of loops. An equation $\varepsilon$ propagates in an algebra $X$ if $\varepsilon(\overrightarrow y)$ holds whenever $\varepsilon(\overrightarrow x)$ holds and the elements of $\overrightarrow y$ are contained in the subalgebra of $X$ generated by $\overrightarrow x$. If $\varepsilon$ propagates in $X$ then it propagates in all subalgebras and products of $X$ but not necessarily in all homomorphic images of $X$. If $\mathcal V$ is a variety, the propagating core $\mathcal V_{[\varep…
Two constructions due to Drápal produce a group by modifying exactly one quarter of the Cayley table of another group. We present these constructions in a compact way, and generalize them to Moufang loops, using loop extensions. Both constructions preserve associators, the associator subloop, and the nucleus. We conjecture that two Moufang 2-loops of finite order $n$ with equivalent associator can be connected by a series of constructions similar to ours, and offer empirical evidence that this is so for $n=16$, 24, 32; the only interesting cases with $n\le 32$. We further investigate the way t…
There are a number of identities which, if satisfied by a Bol loop, imply that the loop is actually Moufang. In this paper we show that in a number of cases, the Moufang identity is also forced not by a single identity, but by giving elements a choice of equations to satisfy.
In this paper we investigate the Bol loops and connected with them groups. We prove an analog of the Doro's theorem for Moufang loops and find a criterion for simplicity of Bol loops. One of the main results obtained is the following: if the right multiplication group of a connected finite Bol loop $S$ is a simple group, then $S$ is a Moufang loop.
We describe Steiner loops of nilpotency class 2 and establish the classification of finite 3-generated nilpotent Steiner loops of nilpotency class 2.
How Associative Can a Non-Associative Moufang Loop Be?
本文研究有限 Moufang 环的结合性概率，证明若随机三元素结合概率大于 43/64，则该环必为群，且该界由 16 元 Octonion 环证明是紧的。
Solving functional equations given in \cite{nagy} for extensions of a group $A$ by a weighted Steiner loop $S$ we obtain concrete description for all loops with interesting weak associativity properties if the Steiner loop $S$ induces only the trivial automorphism on $A$. We show that the restricted Fischer groups and their geometry play an important role for loop extension with right alternative property. Also the automorphism groups of these extensions as well as the conditions for isomorphisms between two extensions are studied.
We solve a problem of Belousov which has been open since 1967: to characterize the loop isotopes of F-quasigroups. We show that every F-quasigroup has a Moufang loop isotope which is a central product of its nucleus and Moufang center. We then use the loop to reveal the structure of the associated F-quasigroup.
In this work we construct free Moufang loop in the variety generated by code loops. We apply this construction for study the code loops. Moreover, we define and determine all basic representations of code loops of rank 3 and 4.
The paper is devoted to the study of free objects in the variety of Steiner loops and of the combinatorial structures behind them, focusing on their automorphism groups. We prove that all automorphisms are tame and the automorphism group is not finitely generated if the loop is more than $3$-generated. For the free Steiner loop with $3$ generators we describe the generator elements of the automorphism group and some relations between them.
We find a short equational basis for the variety of $3$-supernilpotent loops. We also present a conceptually simple proof that $k$-nilpotence and $k$-supernilpotence are equivalent for groups. Connections between $3$-supernilpotent loops, Moufang loops, code loops, automorphic loops and AIM loops are explored.
In 1974 Orin Chein discovered a new family of Moufang loops which are now called Chein loops. Such a loop can be created from any group $W$ together with $\mathbb{Z}_2$ by a variation on a semi-direct product. We study these loops in the case where $W$ is a Coxeter group and show that it has what we call a Chein-Coxeter system, a small set of generators of order 2, together with a set of relations closely related to the Coxeter relations and Chein relations. As a result we are able to give amalgam presentations for Coxeter-Chein loops. This is to our knowledge the first such presentation for a…
Construction of groups with triality and their corresponding code loops
本文提出了一种构造具有三重关系的群$G_n$及其对应的自由码环$F_n$的方法，并证明了在有限情况下，$F_n$在由码环生成的变种中是自由环。
Representations of code loops by binary codes
本文研究了通过双重偶二进制码表示代码环的方法，并探讨了秩3和4的非结合代码环的最小和简化表示的确定方法。
C-loops are loops satisfying the identity $x(y\cdot yz) = (xy\cdot y)z$. We develop the theory of extensions of C-loops, and characterize all nuclear extensions provided the nucleus is an abelian group. C-loops with central squares have very transparent extensions; they can be built from small blocks arising from the underlying Steiner triple system. Using these extensions, we decide for which abelian groups $K$ and Steiner loops $Q$ there is a nonflexible C-loop $C$ with center $K$ such that $C/K$ is isomorphic to $Q$. We discuss possible orders of associators in C-loops. Finally, we show tha…
Loops with universal and semi-universal flexibility
本文研究泛灵活与半泛灵活幺拟群，证明泛灵活逆性质幺拟群为 Moufang 幺拟群、半泛灵活逆性质幺拟群双结合，并探讨其与中 Bol 幺拟群的关系。
A left Bol loop is a loop satisfying $x(y(xz)) = (x(yx))z$. The commutant of a loop is the set of elements which commute with all elements of the loop. In a finite Bol loop of odd order or of order $2k$, $k$ odd, the commutant is a subloop. We investigate conditions under which the commutant of a Bol loop is not a subloop. In a finite Bol loop of order relatively prime to 3, the commutant generates an abelian group of order dividing the order of the loop. This generalizes a well-known result for Moufang loops. After describing all extensions of a loop $K$ such that $K$ is in the left and middl…
On the number of small Steiner triple systems with Veblen points
本文利用 Steiner loops 的 Schreier 扩张构造含 Veblen 点的 Steiner 三元系，研究阶数 19、27 和 31 的此类三元系数量并给出示例。
The Moufang loop named for Richard Parker is a central extension of the extended binary Golay code. It the prototypical example of a general class of nonassociative structures known today as code loops, which have been studied from a number of different algebraic and combinatorial perspectives. This expository article aims to highlight an experimental approach to computing in code loops, by a combination of a small amount of precomputed information and making use of the rich identities that code loops' twisted cocycles satisfy. As a byproduct we demonstrate that one can reconstruct the multipl…
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