This treatise investigates holomorphic functions defined on the space of bicomplex numbers introduced by Segre. The theory of these functions is associated with Fueter's theory of regular, quaternionic functions. The algebras of quaternions and bicomplex numbers are developed by making use of so-called complex pairs. Special attention is paid to singular bicomplex numbers that lack an inverse. The elementary bicomplex functions are defined and their properties studied. The derivative of a bicomplex function is defined as the limit of a fraction with nonsingular denominator. The existence of the derivative amounts to the validity of the complexified Cauchy-Riemann equations, which characterize the holomorphic bicomplex functions. It is proved that such a function has derivatives of all orders. The bicomplex integral is defined as a line integral. The condition for path independence and the bicomplex generalizations of Cauchy's theorem and integral formula are given. Finally, the relationship between the bicomplex functions and different forms of the Laplace equation is considered. In particular, the four-dimensional Laplace equation is factorized using quaternionic differential operators. The outcome is new classes of bicomplex functions including Fueter's regular functions. It is shown that each class contains differentiable functions.
In the present paper, we introduced the extended bicomplex plane $\bar{\mathbb{T}}$, its geometric model: the bicomplex Riemann sphere, and the bicomplex chordal metric that enables us to talk about the convergence of the sequences of bicomplex meromorphic functions. Hence the concept of the normality of a family of bicomplex meromorphic functions on bicomplex domains emerges. Besides obtaining a normality criterion for such families, the bicomplex analog of the Montel theorem for meromorphic functions and the Fundamental Normality Tests for families of bicomplex holomorphic functions and bico…
With the goal of providing the foundations for a rigorous study of modules of bicomplex holomorphic functions, we develop a general theory of functional analysis with bicomplex scalars. Even though the basic properties of bicomplex number are well known and widely available, our analysis requires some more delicate discussion of the various structures which are hidden in the ring of bicomplex numbers. We study in particular matrices with bicomplex numbers, bicomplex modules, and inner products and norms in bicomplex modules. We consider two kinds of norms on bicomplex modules: a real-valued no…
In this paper we present parallel theories on constructing Wiener algebras in the bicomplex setting. With the appropriate symmetry condition, the bicomplex matrix valued case can be seen as a complex valued case and, in this matrix valued case, we make the necessary connection between classical bicomplex analysis and complex analysis with symmetry. We also write an application to superoscillations in this case.
This paper examines the existence and region of convergence of Fourier transform of the functions of bicomplex variables with the help of projection on its idempotent components as auxiliary complex planes. Several basic properties of this bicomplex version of Fourier transform are examined.
With the increasing importance of the Mittag-Leffler function in the physical applications, these days many researchers are studying various generalizations and extensions of the Mittag-Leffler function. In this paper efforts are made to define bicomplex extension of the Mittag-Leffler function and also its analyticity and region of convergence are discussed. Various properties of the bicomplex Mittag-Leffler function including integral representation, recurrence relations, duplication formula and differential relations are established.
In this paper, we are concerned with the bicomplex analog of the well-known result asserting that real-valued harmonic functions, on simply connected domains, are the real parts of holomorphic functions. We show that this assertion, word for word, fails for bc-harmonic functions and we provide a complete characterization of bc-harmonic functions that are the hyperbolic real parts of a specific kind of bc-holomorphic functions. Moreover, we extend the result to bicomplex polyharmonic functions, which implies the introduction of specific classes of bc-polyholomorphic functions.
A bicomplex proportional fractional $(\vartheta,φ)-$weighted Cauchy-Riemann operator using Riemann-Liouville derivatives with respect to an hyperbolic-valued function
Using three different representations of the bicomplex numbers $T\cong Cl_{C}(1,0) \cong Cl_{C}(0,1)$, which is a commutative ring with zero divisors defined by $T={w_0+w_1 {i_1}+w_2{i_2}+w_3 {j} | w_0,w_1,w_2,w_3 \in{R}}$ where ${i_1^{2}}=-1, {i_2^{2}}=-1, {j^{2}}=1 and {i_1}{i_2}={j}={i_2}{i_1}$, we construct three classes of bicomplex pseudoanalytic functions. In particular, we obtain some specific systems of Vekua equations of two complex variables and we established some connections between one of these systems and the classical Vekua equations. We consider also the complexification of th…
In this article, we introduce the concept of normal families of bicomplex holomorphic functions to obtain a bicomplex Montel theorem. Moreover, we give a general definition of Fatou and Julia sets for bicomplex polynomials and we obtain a characterization of bicomplex Fatou and Julia sets in terms of Fatou set, Julia set and filled-in Julia set of one complex variable. Some 3D visual examples of bicomplex Julia sets are also given for the specific slice $\bold{j}=0$.
We consider the $1$- and $2$-d bicomplex analogs of the classical Fourier--Wigner transform. Their basic properties, including Moyal's identity and characterization of their ranges giving rise to new bicomplex--polyanalytic functional spaces are discussed. Particular case of special window is also considered. An orthogonal basis for the space of bicomplex--valued square integrable functions on the bicomplex numbers is constructed by means of the polyanalytic complex Hermite functions.
The Dirac equation with a scalar and an electromagnetic potentials is considered. In the time-harmonic case and when all the involved functions depend only on two spatial variables it reduces to a pair of decoupled bicomplex Vekua-type equations [8]. Using the technique developed for complex Vekua equations a system of exact solutions for the bicomplex equation is conctructed under additional conditions, in particular when the electromagnetic potential is absent and the scalar potential is a function of one Cartesian variable. Introducing a transmutation operator relating the involved bicomple…
The study of the Dirac system and second-order elliptic equations with complex-valued coefficients on the plane leads to bicomplex Vekua equations. To the difference of complex pseudoanalytic (generalized analytic) functions the theory of bicomplex functions has not been developed. Such basic facts as the similarity principle or the Liouville theorem in general are no longer available due to the presence of zero divisors in the algebra of bicomplex numbers. We develop a theory of bicomplex pseudoanalytic formal powers analogous to the developed by Bers and obtain Cauchy's integral formula in t…
The use of the complex velocity potential and the complex velocity is widely disseminated in the study of two-dimensional incompressible potential flows. The advantages of working with complex analytical functions made this representation of the flow ubiquitous in the field of theoretical aerodynamics. However, this representation is not usually employed in linear stability studies, where the representation of the velocity as real vectors is preferred by most authors, in order to allow the representation of the perturbation as the complex exponential function. Some of the classical attempts to…
In this paper we define and study a Dedekind-like zeta function for the algebra of multicomplex numbers. By using the idempotent representations for such numbers, we are able to identify this zeta function with the one associated to a product of copies of the field of Gaussian rationals. The approach we use is substantially different from the one previously introduced by Rochon (for the bicomplex case) and by Reid and Van Gorder (for the multicomplex case).
The Laplace equation in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane is considered in the context of the inverse stereographic projection. The Lie algebra of the conformal group as the symmetry group of the Laplace equation can be represented solely in terms of the solutions and derivatives of the solutions of the Laplace equation. It is then possible to put contents from differential geometry and quantum systems, like the Hopf bundle, relativistic spin, bicomplex numbers, and the Fock space into a common context. The basis elements of the complex numbers, considered as a Clifford paravector algebra, a…
In the present work we establish a simple relation between the Dirac equation with a scalar and an electromagnetic potentials in a two-dimensional case and a pair of decoupled Vekua equations. In general these Vekua equations are bicomplex. However we show that the whole theory of pseudoanalytic functions without modifications can be applied to these equations under a certain not restrictive condition. As an example we formulate the similarity principle which is the central reason why a pseudoanalytic function and as a consequence a spinor field depending on two space variables share many of t…
An L-basis associated to a linear second-order ordinary differential operator L is an infinite sequence of functions {ϕ_k}_{k=0}^{\infty} such that Lϕ_k=0 for k=0,1, Lϕ_k=k(k-1)ϕ_{k-2}, for k=2,3,... and all ϕ_k satisfy certain prescribed initial conditions. We study the transmutation operators related to L in terms of the transformation of powers of the independent variable {(x-x_{0})^k}_{k=0}^{\infty} to the elements of the L-basis and establish a precise form of the transmutation operator realizing this transformation. We use this transmutation operator to establish a completeness of an inf…
In this paper we study properties of hyperholomorphic functions on commutative finite algebras. It is investigated the Cauchy-Riemann type conditions for hyperholomorphic functions. We prove that a hyperholomorphic function on a commutative finite algebra can be expanded in a Taylor series. We also present a technique for computing zeros of polynomials in some commutative algebras.
