This paper shows how to write Maxwell's Equations in Hamilton's Quaternions. The fact that the quaternion product is non-commuting leads to distinct left and right derivatives which must both be included in the theory. A new field component is then revealed, which reduces part of the degree of freedom found in the gauge, but which can then be used to explain thermoelectricity, suggesting that the theory of heat has just as fundamental a connection to electromagnetism as the magnetic field has to the electric field, for the new theory now links thermal, electric, and magnetic phenomena altogether in one set of elementary equations. This result is based on an initial hypothesis, named ``The Quaternion Axiom,'' that postulates physical space is a quaternion structure.
We propose a simple quaternionic reformulation of Maxwell's equations for inhomogeneous media and use it in order to obtain new solutions in a static case.
Maxwell's equations for the time-dependent electromagnetic field in a homogeneous chiral medium are reduced to a single quaternionic equation. Its fundamental solution satisfying the causality principle is obtained which allows us to solve the time-dependent chiral Maxwell system with sources.
We consider the following first order systems of mathematical physics. 1.The Dirac equation with scalar potential. 2.The Dirac equation with electric potential. 3.The Dirac equation with pseudoscalar potential. 4.The system describing non-linear force free magnetic fields or Beltrami fields with nonconstant proportionality factor. 5.The Maxwell equations for slowly changing media. 6.The static Maxwell system. We show that all this variety of first order systems reduces to a single quaternionic equation the analysis of which in its turn reduces to the solution of a Schroedinger equation with bi…
We show that the Maxwell equations for arbitrary inhomogeneous media are equivalent to a single quaternionic equation which can be considered as a generalization of the Vekua equation for generalized analytic functions.
Using octonions, more specifically, using a 4 x 4 matrix representation of octonions obtained with the help of algebraic properties of quaternions, we obtain the fully symmetric Maxwell's equations (Maxwell's equations with electric and magnetic charges and currents which is invariant under duality transformations).
It is shown that the groups of Euclidian rotations, rigid motions, proper, orthochronous Lorentz transformations, and the complex rigid motions can be represented by the groups of unit-norm elements in the algebras of real, dual, complex, and complex dual quaternions, respectively. It is shown how someof the physically-useful tensors and spinors can be represented by the various kinds of quaternions. The basic notions of kinematical states are described in each case, except complex dual quaternions, where their possible role in describing the symmetries of the Maxwell equations is discussed.
A simple relation between the Maxwell system and the Dirac equation based on their quaternionic reformulation is discussed. We establish a close connection between solutions of both systems as well as a relation between the wave parameters of the electromagnetic field and the energy of the Dirac particle.
The earlier proposed conditions of (bi)quaternionic differentiability are nonlinear, give rize to the 2-spinor and the self-dual gauge structures and may be considered as the it generating system of equations (GSE) with respect to the source-free Maxwell, Yang-Mills and eikonal equations. We present the general solution of the GSE in terms of twistor variables, analize its rather specific gauge symmetry and demonstrate the relation of GSE to the equations of shear-free null congruences and, consequently, - to effective metrics of Kerr- Shild type. The concept of particles as singularities of p…
We present the ``algebrodynamical'' approach to field-particle theory based on a nonlinear generalization of the Cauchy-Riemann conditions to non-commutative algebras of quaternion-like type. For complex quaternions the theory is Lorentz invariant and naturally carries some gauge and twistor structures. Point- and string-like singularities are considered as particle-like formations; their electric charge is ``self-quantized''. A novel ``causal Minkowski geometry with additional phase'' is presented that is induced by the structure of primordial biquaternion algebra. On this geometrical backgro…
The representation of the conformal group (PSU(2,2)) on the space of solutions to Maxwell's equations on the conformal compactification of Minkowski space is shown to break up into four irreducible unitarizable smooth Fréchet representations of moderate growth. An explicit inner product is defined on each representation. The frequency spectrum of each of these representations is analyzed. These representations have notable properties; in particular they have positive or negative energy, they are of type $A_{\frak q}(λ)$ and are quaternionic. Physical implications of the results are explained.
The symmetry studies of Maxwell equations gave new insight on the nature of electromagnetic (EM) field. Tey are reviewed in the work presented. It is drawing the attention on the following aspects. EM-field has in general case quaternion structure, consisting of four independent field constituents, which differ from each other by the parities under space inversion and time reversal. There exists physical conserving quantity, which is simultaneously invariant under both Rainich dual and additional hyperbolic dual symmetry transformation of Maxwell equations. It is spin in general case or spiral…
A suitable parameterization of space-time in terms of one complex and three quaternionic imaginary units allows Lorentz transformations to be implemented as multiplication by complex-quaternionic numbers rather than matrices. Maxwell's equations reduce to a single equation.
The Maxwell equations for chiral media are treated with the aid of quaternionic analysis methods. Besides the possibility of simplification of the form of such basic facts like the Stratton-Chu formulas we obtain a criterion for the extendability of the electromagnetic field from a sufficiently smooth closed surface to its interior or exterior domain.
We briefly report on our recent results regarding the introduction of a notion of a q-quaternion and the construction of instanton solutions of a would-be deformed su(2) Yang-Mills theory on the corresponding SO_q(4)-covariant quantum space. As the solutions depend on some noncommuting parameters, this indicates that the moduli space of a complete theory will be a noncommutative manifold.
We call attention to the unusual properties that the 4 dimensional solutions for a modified Fueter-Dirac equations satisfy: In a coordinate-free, constant-free and strictly mathematical way it is possible to show that all the solutions for a modified Fueter-Dirac Equation, which are radial symmetric when restricted to the 3-space, have a nice algebraic structure. Locally, these solutions behave naturally in a algebraic way determined by a certain commutative ring related to the quaternions with non-invertibles. This ring has a nontrivial localization. By using left and right versions of the op…
The symmetry study of main differential equations of mechanics and electrodynamics has shown, that differential equations, which are invariant under transformations of groups, which are symmetry groups of mathematical numbers (considered within the frames of the number theory) determine the mathematical nature of the quantities, incoming in given equations. It allowed to proof the main postulate of quantum mechanics, consisting in that, that to any mechanical quantity can be set up into the correspondence the Hermitian matrix by quantization. High symmetry of Maxwell equations allows to show, …
Superspace is considered as space of parameters of the supercoherent states defining the basis for oscillator-like unitary irreducible representations of the generalized superconformal group SU(2m,2n/2N) in the field of quaternions H. The specific construction contains naturally the supertwistor one of the previous work by Litov and Pervushin [1] and it is shown that in the case of extended supersymmetry such an approach leads to the separation of a class of superspaces and and its groups of motion. We briefly discuss this particular extension to the domain of quaternionic superspaces as nonli…
In this note we have further developed the study of topologically non-trivial solutions of vacuum electrodynamics. We have discovered a novel method of generating such solutions by applying conformal transformations with complex parameters on known solutions expressed in terms of Bateman's variables. This has enabled us to get a wide class of solutions from the basic configuration like constant electromagnetic fields and plane-waves. We have introduced a covariant formulation of the Bateman's construction and discussed the conserved charges associated with the conformal group as well as a set …
The theory of derivatives and integrals of non-integer order goes back to Leibniz, Liouville, Grunwald, Letnikov and Riemann. The history of fractional vector calculus (FVC) has only 10 years. The main approaches to formulate a FVC, which are used in the physics during the past few years, will be briefly described in this paper. We solve some problems of consistent formulations of FVC by using a fractional generalization of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. We define the differential and integral vector operations. The fractional Green's, Stokes' and Gauss's theorems are formulated. The pro…
Using the biquaternions algebra with involution and mutual quaternional gradients the equations of one model of electro-gravimagnetic (EGM) field are constructed on the base of Hamilton form of Maxwell equations. For this field the hypothesis of equivalence of magnetic charge to gravitational mass is implied. The equations of interaction of generated by different charges and currents EGM-fields are built. On its base the analogies of three Newton's laws are obtained. The laws of transformation and conservation of energy by interaction of fields are obtained.
The mathematical structure of the Born-Infeld field equations was analyzed from the point of view of the symmetries. To this end, the field equations were written in the most compact form by means of quaternionic operators constructed according to all the symmetries of the theory, including the extension to a non-commutative structure. The quaternionic structure of the phase space was explicitly derived and described from the Hamiltonian point of view, and the analogy between the BI theory and the Maxwell (linear) electrodynamics in curved space-time was explicitly shown. Our results agree wit…
Single- and multi-valued solutions of homogeneous Maxwell equations in vacuum are considered, with ''sources'' formed by the (point- or string-like) singularities of the field strengths and, generally, irreducible to any delta-functions' distribution. Maxwell equations themselves are treated as consequences (say, integrability conditions) of a primary ``superpotential'' field subject to some nonlinear and over-determined constraints (related, in particular, to twistor structures). As the result, we obtain (in explicit or implicit algebraic form) a distinguished class of Maxwell fields, with si…
This paper is a review of the canonical proper-time approach to relativistic mechanics and classical electrodynamics. The purpose is to provide a physically complete classical background for a new approach to relativistic quantum theory. Here, we first show that there are two versions of Maxwell's equations. The new version fixes the clock of the field source for all inertial observers. However now, the (natural definition of the effective) speed of light is no longer an invariant for all observers, but depends on the motion of the source. This approach allows us to account for radiation react…
In this work, a non-relativistic theory of the electroscalar field being an expansion of the classical Maxwell's electrodynamics is presented. Expansion of the classical electrodynamics is based on the hypothesis about an existing new 4-scalar potential complementary to the 4-vector electrodynamic potential. 4-scalar potential, from the viewpoint of the quantum field concept, describes massless scalar particles with a zero spin whose superposition realizes the Coulomb field. In a nonrelativistic approximation this hypothesis leads to the theory in which along with the electric and magnetic fie…
The Maxwell-covariant particle model is formulated in tensorial extended D=4 space-time (x_mu, z_{mu nu}) parametrized by ten-dimensional coset of D=4 Maxwell group, with added auxiliary Weyl spinors lambda_alpha, y^alpha. We provide the Hamiltonian quantization of the model and demonstrate that first class constraints modify the known equations obtained for massless higher spin fields in flat tensorial space-time. We obtain the Maxwell-covariant field equations for new infinite dimensional spin multiplets. The component fields assigned to different spin values are linked by couplings proporti…
We use a recent {\it on-shell} Bogomol'nyi method, developed in~\cite{Atmaja:2014fha}, to construct Bogomol'nyi equations of the two-dimensional generalized Maxwell-Higgs model~\cite{Bazeia:2012uc}. The formalism can generate a large class of Bogomol'nyi equations parametrized by a constant $C_0$. The resulting equations are classified into two types, determined by $C_0=0$ and $C_0\neq0$. We identify that the ones obtained by Bazeia {\it et al}~\cite{Bazeia:2012uc} are of the type $C_0=0$. We also reveal, as in the case of ordinary vortex, that this theory does not admit Bogomol'nyi equations …
In this paper using the Clifford bundle formalism we show how starting from the photon concept and its relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation (HJE) we immediately get (with a simple hypothesis concerning the form of the photon canonical momentum) Maxwell equation (ME) satisfied by a null $2$-form field $\boldsymbol{F}$ which is a plane wave solution (PWS) of ME. Moreover, we show how introducing a potential $1$-form $\boldsymbol{A}$ such that $\boldsymbol{F}=d\boldsymbol{A}$ we can see how a duality rotation changed in a \ spatial rotation transformation besides showing how $\mathrm{i}=\sqrt{-1…
This paper revisits the modeling of multicomponent diffusion within the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. We briefly review the two well-known main approaches, leading to the generalized Fick-Onsager multicomponent diffusion fluxes or to the generalized Maxwell-Stefan equations. The latter approach has the advantage that the resulting fluxes are consistent with non-negativity of the partial mass densities for non-singular and non-degenerate Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities. On the other hand, this approach requires computationally expensive matrix inversions since the fluxes a…
The functional space of biquaternions is considered on Minkovskiy space. The scalar-vector biquaternions representation is used which was offered by W. Hamilton for quaternions. With introduction of differential operator - a mutual complex gradient (bigradients), which generalize the notion of a gradient on biquaternions space, biquaternionic wave (biwave) equations are considered, their invariance for group of the Lorentz-Puancare transformations is shown and their generalized solutions are obtained. Biquaternionic form of generalized Maxwell-Dirac equation is constructed and its solutions ar…
Spaces with a Weyl-type connection and torsion of a special type induced by the structure of the differentiability conditions in the algebra of complex quaternions are considered. The consistency of these conditions implies the self-duality of curvature. The Maxwell and SL(2, C) Yang-Mills fields associated with the irreducible components of the connection also turn out to be self-dual, so that the corresponding equations are fulfilled on the solutions of the generating system. Using the twistor structure of the latter, its general solution is obtained. The singular locus has a string-like (pa…
