Emerging mobility standards within the next generation Internet Protocol, IPv6, promise to continuously operate devices roaming between IP networks. Associated with the paradigm of ubiquitous computing and communication, network technology is on the spot to deliver voice and videoconferencing as a standard internet solution. However, current roaming procedures are too slow, to remain seamless for real-time applications. Multicast mobility still waits for a convincing design. This paper investigates the temporal behaviour of mobile IPv6 with dedicated focus on topological impacts. Extending the hierarchical mobile IPv6 approach we suggest protocol improvements for a continuous handover, which may serve bidirectional multicast communication, as well. Along this line a multicast mobility concept is introduced as a service for clients and sources, as they are of dedicated importance in multipoint conferencing applications. The mechanisms introduced do not rely on assumptions of any specific multicast routing protocol in use.
This paper describes a software-based tool that tracks mobile node roaming and infers the time-to-handover as well as the preferential handover target, based on behavior inference solely derived from regular usage data captured in visited wireless networks. The paper presents the tool architecture; computational background for mobility estimation; operational guidelines concerning how the tool is being used to track several aspects of roaming behavior in the context of wireless networks. Target selection accuracy is validated having as baseline traces obtained in realistic scenarios.
Industrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used to improve the efficiency, productivity and safety of industrial processes. An open standard that is commonly used in such cases is IEEE 802.15.4e. Its TSCH mode employs a time synchronized based MAC scheme together with channel hopping to alleviate the impact of channel fading. Until now, most of the industrial WSNs have been designed to only support static nodes and are not able to deal with mobility. In this paper, we show how a single-hop, multi-gateway IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH network architecture can tackle the mobility problem. We int…
An important issue in heterogeneous wireless networks is how to optimally utilize various radio resources. While many methods have been proposed for managing radio resources in each network, these methods are not suitable for heterogeneous wireless networks. In this study, a new management method is proposed which provides acceptable service quality and roaming rate, reduces the cost of the service, and utilizes big data technology for its operation. In our proposed scheme, by considering various parameters such as the type of the service, the information related to the location of the user, t…
We propose a new way to share licensed spectrum bandwidth capacity in mobile networks between operators, service providers and consumers using blockchain-based smart contracts. We discuss the foundational building blocks in the contract as well as various extensions to support more advanced features such as bulk purchases, future reservations, and various auction mechanisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the system can be implemented with an open-source, permissioned Enterprise blockchain, Hyperledger Sawtooth. We show that our smart contract implementation can improve blockchain transaction…
The development of mobile devices (CPU, memory, and storage) and the introduction of mobile networks (Ad-Hoc, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and 3.5G) have opened new opportunities for next generation of mobile services. It becomes more convenience and desirable for mobile internet users to be connected everywhere. However, ubiquitous mobile access connectivity faces interoperation issues between wireless network providers and wireless network technologies. Although mobile users would like to get as many services as possible while they travel, there is a lack of technology to identify visited users in current …
Mobility management is a key aspect to consider in future Internet architectures, as these architectures include a highly nomadic end-user which often relies on services provided by multi-access networks. In contrast, today's mobility management solutions were designed having in mind simpler scenarios and requirements from the network and where roaming could often be taken care of with previously established agreements. With a more dynamic behavior in the network, and also with a more prominent role from the end-user, mobility management has to deal with additional requirements derived from ne…
In future mobility support will require handling roaming in heterogeneous access networks. In order to enable seamless roaming it is necessary to minimize the impact of the vertical handoffs. Localized mobility management schemes such as FMIPv6 and HMIPv6 do not provide sufficient handoff performance, since they have been designed for horizontal handoffs. In this paper, we propose the SafetyNet protocol, which allows a Mobile Node to perform seamless vertical handoffs. Further, we propose a handoff timing algorithm which allows a Mobile Node to delay or even completely avoid upward vertical ha…
Distributed Multi-Agent Deep Q-Learning for Fast Roaming in IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi Systems
Institute of Artificial Intelligence innovation, Industry Academia Innovation School（产业创新学院人工智能创新研究所）；Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering（电子与电气工程系）；National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University（国立阳明交通大学）
Wireless broadband technology is now in motion to provide higher data rate, wider coverage and improved mobility. Towards this the 4G - network is an integration of various wireless technologies and expected to provide seamless mobility. Moreover 4G-networks will be entirely packet switched systems based on IP protocol. One of the research challenges for 4G-Network is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. Hence Mobile IPv6 is considered to be one of the key technologies …
With the major wireless service providers planning to start deployment of 4G wireless networks by mid 2010, research and industry communities are racing against time to find solutions for some of the prominent still open issues in 4G networks. The growing interest in 4G networks is driven by the set of new services will be made available for the first time such as accessing the Internet anytime from anywhere, global roaming, and wider support for multimedia applications. In this paper describe some of the key opportunities will be made available by 4G networks, present key challenges and point…
With the increasing demands for new data and real-time services, wireless networks should support calls with different traffic characteristics and different Quality of Service (QoS)guarantees. In addition, various wireless technologies and networks exist currently that can satisfy different needs and requirements of mobile users. Since these different wireless networks act as complementary to each other in terms of their capabilities and suitability for different applications, integration of these networks will enable the mobile users to be always connected to the best available access network…
Mobility Management (MM) techniques have conventionally been centralized in nature, wherein a single network entity has been responsible for handling the mobility related tasks of the mobile nodes attached to the network. However, an exponential growth in network traffic and the number of users has ushered in the concept of providing Mobility Management as a Service (MMaaS) to the wireless nodes attached to the 5G networks. Allowing for on-demand mobility management solutions will not only provide the network with the flexibility that it needs to accommodate the many different use cases that a…
The ubiquitous services of wireless communication networks are growing rapidly by the development of wireless communication technologies. While a user is roaming from one cell to another cell, an intelligent decision mechanism and network selection is extremely crucial to maintain the quality of service (QoS) during handover. Handover decision must be made precisely to avoid any unnecessary phenomenon like ping-pong, corner effect, call blocking, and call dropping etc. This work considered service types like voice, video, and data and their QoS requirements for handover decision using fuzzy lo…
Network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol (RFC 3963) is an extension of Mobile IPv6. The NEMO BS embraced by the IETF working group to permit any node in the portable network to be accessible to the Internet despite the fact the network itself is roaming. This protocol likewise Mobile IPv6 does not deliver any kind of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to its clients. It can barely offer the same level of services (i.e. Best-Effort) to all the users without obligation to the needs of applications. These propositions a challenge to real-time applications that demand a precise level of …
Multi-Access or Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is being deployed by 4G/5G operators to provide computational services at lower latencies. Federating MECs across operators expands capability, capacity, and coverage but gives rise to two issues - third-party authentication and application mobility - for continuous service during roaming without re-authentication. In this work, we propose a Federated State transfer and 3rd-party Authentication (FS3A) mechanism that uses a transparent proxy to transfer the information of both authentication and application state across operators to resolve these issu…
As wireless access technologies grow rapidly, the recent studies have focused on granting mobile users the ability of roaming across different wireless networks in a seamless manner thus offering seamless mobility. The different characteristics of each wireless technology with regards to QoS brought many challenges for provisioning the continuous services (audio/video streaming) in a seamless way. In this paper, we intend to review the existing context-aware methods which offered solutions for service continuity. We looked at the types of context information used in each solution. Through this…
Pervasive networks formed by users' mobile devices have the potential to exploit a rich set of distributed service components that can be composed to provide each user with a multitude of application level services. However, in many challenging scenarios, opportunistic networking techniques are required to enable communication as devices suffer from intermittent connectivity, disconnections and partitions. This poses novel challenges to service composition techniques. While several works have discussed middleware and architectures for service composition in well-connected wired networks and in…
The paper presents a methodology of transmitting voice in SMS (Short Message Service) over GSM network. Usually SMS contents are text based and limited to 140 bytes. It supports national and international roaming, but also supported by other telecommunication such as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) as well. It can sent/ receive simultaneously with other services. Such features make it favorable for this methodology. For this an application is developed using J2ME platform which is supported by all mobile phones in the world. This algorithm's test is c…
Metaverse applications that incorporate Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) provide mixed and immersive experiences by amalgamating the virtual with the physical world. Notably, due to their multi-modality such applications are demanding in terms of energy consumption, computing and caching resources to efficiently support foreground interactions of participating users and rich background content. In this paper, the metaverse service is decomposed and anchored at suitable edge caching/computing nodes in 5G and beyond networks to enable efficient processing of background metaverse region models embe…
People desire to be connected, no matter where they are. Recently, providing Internet access to on-board passengers has received a lot of attention from both industry and academia. However, in order to guarantee an acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) for the passenger services with low incurred cost, the path to route the services, as well as the datacenter (DC) to deploy the services should be carefully determined. This problem is challenging, due to different types of Air-to-Ground (A2G) connections, i.e., satellites and Direct-Air-to-Ground (DA2G) links. These A2G connection types differ in…
The growth in the number of users in mobile communications networks and the rise in the traffic generated by each user, are responsible for the increasing importance of Mobility Management. Within Mobility Management, the main objective of Location Management is to enable the roaming of the user in the coverage area. In this paper, we analyze the savings in Location Management costs obtained leveraging the users' statistics, in comparison with the classical strategy. In particular, we introduce two novel algorithms to obtain the Beta parameters (useful terms in the calculation of location upda…
Designing a wireless node that supports quality of service (QoS) in a mobile ad hoc network is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose an architecture of a wireless node that may be used to form a mobile ad hoc network that supports QoS. We discuss the core functionalities required for such a node and how those functionalities can be incorporated. A feature of our architecture is that the node has the ability to utilize multiple paths, if available, for the provision of QoS. However, in the absence of multiple paths it can utilize the resources provided by a single path between the sourc…
This paper discusses on the need to focus on effective and cheap communication solutions for the deployment of smart services in countrysides. We present the main wireless technologies, software architectures and protocols that need to be exploited, such as multihop, multipath communication and mobility support through multihoming. We present Always Best Packet Switching (ABPS), an operation mode to perform network handover in a seamless way without the need to change the current network infrastructure and configuration. This is in accordance with the need of having cheap solutions that may wo…
Mobile augmented reality (MAR) applications extended in the metaverse could provide mixed and immersive experiences by amalgamating the virtual and physical world. However, the joint consideration between MAR and metaverse seeks the reliable and high quality support for foreground interactions and background contents from these applications, which intensifies their consumption in energy, caching and computing resources. To tackle these challenges, a more flexible request assignment and resource allocation with more efficient processing are proposed in this paper through anchoring decomposed me…
Multi-Access Edge computing (MEC) and Fog computing provide services to subscribers at low latency. There is a need to form a federation among 3GPP MEC and fog to provide better coverage to 3GPP subscribers. This federation gives rise to two issues - third-party authentication and application mobility - for continuous service during handover from 3GPP MEC to fog without re-authentication. In this paper, we propose: 1) a proxy-based state transfer and third-party authentication (PS3A) that uses a transparent proxy to transfer the authentication and application state information, and 2) a token-…
The 3GPP has provided its first standard specifications for network slicing in the recent Release 15. The fundamental principles are specified which constitute the standard network slicing framework. These specifications, however, lack the session continuation mechanisms among slices, which is a fundamental requirement to achieve inter-slice mobility. In this paper, we propose three solutions which enable session continuation among slices in the current 3GPP network slicing framework. These solutions are based on existing, well-established standard mechanisms. The first solution is based on th…
With the pervasiveness of IoT devices, smart-phones and improvement of location-tracking technologies huge volume of heterogeneous geo-tagged (location specific) data is generated which facilitates several location-aware services. The analytics with this spatio-temporal (having location and time dimensions) datasets provide varied important services such as, smart transportation, emergency services (health-care, national defence or urban planning). While cloud paradigm is suitable for the capability of storage and computation, the major bottleneck is network connectivity loss. In time-critical…
Network slicing offers an opportunity to realize ICN as a slice in 5G deployment. We demonstrate this through a generic service orchestration framework operating on commodity compute, storage and bandwidth resource pool to realize multiple ICN service slices. Specifically, we show the dynamic creation of real-time audio/video conferencing slices, over which multi-participant communication is enabled. These slices leverage ICN features of name-based routing, integrated security, inherent support for multicasting and mobility, and in-network caching-and-computing to scale and deliver services ef…
Mobility on Demand (MoD) services, like Uber and Lyft, are revolutionizing the way people move in cities around the world and are often considered a convenient alternative to public transit, since they offer higher Quality of Service (QoS - less waiting time, door-to-door service) at a cheap price. In the next decades, these advantages are expected to be further amplified by Automated MoD (AMoD), in which drivers will be replaced by automated vehicles, with a big gain in terms of cost-efficiency. MoD is usually intended as a door-to-door service. However, there has been recent interest toward …
Nokia Bell Labs（诺基亚贝尔实验室）；Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Nokia Software（诺基亚软件部门）
The legacy mobility robustness optimization (MRO) in self-organizing networks aims at improving handover performance by optimizing cell-specific handover parameters. However, such solutions cannot satisfy the needs of next-generation network with network slicing, because it only guarantees the received signal strength but not the per-slice service quality. To provide the truly seamless mobility service, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based slice-aware mobility robustness optimization (SAMRO) approach, which improves handover performance with per-slice service assurance by optimizing …
Mobile micro-cloud is an emerging technology in distributed computing, which is aimed at providing seamless computing/data access to the edge of the network when a centralized service may suffer from poor connectivity and long latency. Different from the traditional cloud, a mobile micro-cloud is smaller and deployed closer to users, typically attached to a cellular basestation or wireless network access point. Due to the relatively small coverage area of each basestation or access point, when a user moves across areas covered by different basestations or access points which are attached to di…
The growth of 5G and edge computing has enabled the emergence of Internet of Vehicles. It supports different types of services with different resource and service requirements. However, limited resources at the edge, high mobility of vehicles, increasing demand, and dynamicity in service request-types have made service placement a challenging task. A typical static placement solution is not effective as it does not consider the traffic mobility and service dynamics. Handling dynamics in IoV for service placement is an important and challenging problem which is the primary focus of our work in …
Mobility-aware Seamless Service Migration and Resource Allocation in Multi-edge IoV Systems
College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University（福州大学计算机与数据科学学院）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）；School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学通信与信息工程学院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系）；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）
School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学数据科学与计算机学院）
Mobile edge computing is a new computing paradigm, which pushes cloud computing capabilities away from the centralized cloud to the network edge. However, with the sinking of computing capabilities, the new challenge incurred by user mobility arises: since end-users typically move erratically, the services should be dynamically migrated among multiple edges to maintain the service performance, i.e., user-perceived latency. Tackling this problem is non-trivial since frequent service migration would greatly increase the operational cost. To address this challenge in terms of the performance-cost…
In this paper, we study and present a management and orchestration framework for vehicular communications, which enables service continuity for the vehicle via an optimized application-context relocation approach. To optimize the transfer of the application-context for Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM) services, our MEC orchestrator performs prediction of resource availability in the edge infrastructure based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, and it makes a final decision on relocation by calculating the outcome of a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) algorithm, taking into a…
The increase in demand for spectrum-based services forms a bottleneck in wireless networks. Device-to-Device (D2D) caching networks tackle this problem by exploiting user's behavior predictability and the possibility of sharing data between them to alleviate the network congestion. However, capturing mobility statistics allows Service Providers (SPs) to enhance their caching strategies. In this work, we introduce a mobility-aware D2D caching network where SP harnesses user demand and mobility statistics to minimize the incurred service cost through an optimal caching policy. We investigate two…
Multi-access edge computing (MEC) is a key enabler to reduce the latency of vehicular network. Due to the vehicles mobility, their requested services (e.g., infotainment services) should frequently be migrated across different MEC servers to guarantee their stringent quality of service requirements. In this paper, we study the problem of service migration in a MEC-enabled vehicular network in order to minimize the total service latency and migration cost. This problem is formulated as a nonlinear integer program and is linearized to help obtaining the optimal solution using off-the-shelf solve…
Recently mobile agents are used to discover services in mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) where agents travel through the network, collecting and sometimes spreading the dynamically changing service information. But it is important to investigate how reliable the agents are for this application as the dependability issues(reliability and availability) of MANET are highly affected by its dynamic nature.The complexity of underlying MANET makes it hard to obtain the route reliability of the mobile agent systems (MAS); instead we estimate it using Monte Carlo simulation. Thus an algorithm for estimati…
The emergence of technologies such as 5G and mobile edge computing has enabled provisioning of different types of services with different resource and service requirements to the vehicles in a vehicular network.The growing complexity of traffic mobility patterns and dynamics in the requests for different types of services has made service placement a challenging task. A typical static placement solution is not effective as it does not consider the traffic mobility and service dynamics. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based dynamic (RL-Dynamic) service placement framework to …
An Obstruction Avoidance Generously Mobility (OAGM) model has been introduced for controlling ad-hoc sensor networks and thereby operating emerging fields like military and healthcare services. According to this model, the ability to send a message to a group of users simultaneously, based solely on their geographic location, is desirable by using Mission Critical Mobility model that assumes the obstacle shapes like rectangle or square in the simulation terrain. The OAGM model is developed by grasping the critical situations of military and healthcare services by incorporating the node movemen…
The current trend in end-user devices' advancements in computing and communication capabilities makes edge computing an attractive solution to pave the way for the coveted ultra-low latency services. The success of the edge computing networking paradigm depends on the proper orchestration of the edge servers. Several Edge applications and services are intolerant to latency, especially in 5G and beyond networks, such as intelligent video surveillance, E-health, Internet of Vehicles, and augmented reality applications. The edge devices underwent rapid growth in both capabilities and size to cope…
Unicast IPTV services that can support live TV, video-on-demand (VoD), video conferencing, and online gaming applications over broadband wireless cellular networks have been becoming popular in recent years. However, video streaming services significantly impact the performance of wireless cellular networks because they are bandwidth hogs. To maintain the system performance, effective admission control and resource allocation mechanisms based on an accurate mathematical analysis are required. On the other hand, the quality of a wireless link usually changes with time due to the user mobility o…
In this paper, we propose a novel joint intelligent trajectory design and resource allocation algorithm based on user's mobility and their requested services for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) assisted networks, where UAVs act as nodes of a network function virtualization (NFV) enabled network. Our objective is to maximize energy efficiency and minimize the average delay on all services by allocating the limited radio and NFV resources. In addition, due to the traffic conditions and mobility of users, we let some Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) to migrate from their current locations to othe…
Network slicing is a critical driver for guaranteeing the diverse service level agreements (SLA) in 5G and future networks. Inter-slice radio resource allocation (IS-RRA) in the radio access network (RAN) is very important. However, user mobility brings new challenges for optimal IS-RRA. This paper first proposes a soft and hard hybrid slicing framework where a common slice is introduced to realize a trade-off between isolation and spectrum efficiency (SE). To address the challenges posed by user mobility, we propose a two-step deep learning-based algorithm: joint long short-term memory (LSTM)…
We introduce an application of a mobile transient network architecture on top of the current Internet. This paper is an application extension to a conceptual mobile network architecture. It attempts to specifically reinforce some of the powerful notions exposed by the architecture from an application perspective. Of these notions, we explore the network expansion layer, an overlay of components and services, that enables a persistent identification network and other required services. The overlay abstraction introduces several benefits of which mobility and communication across heterogenous ne…
The smart devices are extremely useful devices that are making our lives easier than before. A smart device is facilitated us to establish a connection with another smart device in a wireless network with a decentralized approach. The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a novel methodology that discovers neighborhood devices and establishes connection among them without centralized infrastructure. Cloud provides service to the MANET users to access cloud and communicates with another MANET users. In this article, I integrated MANET and cloud together and formed a new mobility model named Cloud-MA…
In this paper, the problem of vertical handover in software-defined network (SDN) based heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is studied. In the studied model, HetNets are required to offer diverse services for mobile users. Using an SDN controller, HetNets have the capability of managing users' access and mobility issues but still have the problems of ping-pong effect and service interruption during vertical handover. To solve these problems, a mobility-aware seamless handover method based on multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) is proposed. The proposed handover method is executed in t…
Heterogeneous Networks is the integration of all existing networks under a single environment with an understanding between the functional operations and also includes the ability to make use of multiple broadband transport technologies and to support generalized mobility. It is a challenging feature for Heterogeneous networks to integrate several IP-based access technologies in a seamless way. The focus of this paper is on the requirements of a mobility management scheme for multimedia real-time communication services - Mobile Video Conferencing. Nowadays, the range of available wireless acce…
In mobile edge computing, local edge servers can host cloud-based services, which reduces network overhead and latency but requires service migrations as users move to new locations. It is challenging to make migration decisions optimally because of the uncertainty in such a dynamic cloud environment. In this paper, we formulate the service migration problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). Our formulation captures general cost models and provides a mathematical framework to design optimal service migration policies. In order to overcome the complexity associated with computing the optimal …
