互联网的意识形态和政策起源，1957-1969
Ideological and Policy Origins of the Internet, 1957-1969
摘要：
本文探讨了思想和政策的共识，形成了由信息处理技术办公室（IPTO）资助的计算研究在国防部的高级研究计划局（ARPA）。这一历史案例研究从斯普特尼克卫星到阿帕网的创建，展示了军事、科学和学术价值观如何塑造了互联网创建的基础时期的制度和关系。本文从三个方面进行了探讨：科学政策共识的意识形态、J.C. R. Licklider，以及这种共识和哲学在导致阿帕网创建的时期塑造IPTO研究的方式。通过考察1957年至1969年IPTO研究中的共识在知识、文化和制度方面的细节，我们可以理解这些价值观是如何定义网络计算的可能性的。这些行动者所表达的社会价值观的影响是决定性的：政府有义务支持广泛的科学研究，以促进公共利益和国防; IPTO赞助的计算研究将实现军事和科学目标; IPTO可以利用其在这一共识中的权力，创建一个网络，以共享资源，并将地理上的研究人员联合起来。对“共识”在这一时期（互联网的“史前史”）工作方式的更大认识为评估互联网的独特特征提供了更丰富的背景，例如其开放式架构，学院文化和基于标准的治理。
英文摘要：
This paper examines the ideological and policy consensus that shaped computing research funded by the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) within the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). This historical case study of the period between Sputnik and the creation of the ARPANET shows how military, scientific, and academic values shaped the institutions and relations of a foundational period in the creation of the Internet. The paper probes three areas: the ideology of the science policy consensus, the institutional philosophy of IPTO under J. C. R. Licklider, and the ways that this consensus and philosophy shaped IPTO research in the period leading to the creation of the ARPANET. By examining the intellectual, cultural, and institutional details of the consensus that governed IPTO research between 1957 and 1969, we can understand the ways that these values defined the range of possibilities for network computing. The influence of the social values expressed by these actors was decisive: that government had an obligation to support a broad base of scientific research to promote both the public good and the national defense; that IPTO-sponsored computing research would accomplish both military and scientific objectives; and that IPTO could leverage its power within this consensus to create a network to share resources and unite researchers over geographical distance. A greater awareness of the ways that "consensus" worked in this period -- the "pre-history" of the Internet -- provides a richer context for evaluating the unique features of the Internet, such as its open architecture, collegial culture, and standards-based governance.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
