This report describes the method used to derive fluxes of the trapped proton belt along the GPS orbit (i.e., a Medium-Earth Orbit) during 2000-2010, a period almost covering a solar cycle. This method utilizes a newly developed empirical proton radiation-belt model, with the model output scaled by GPS in-situ measurements, to generate proton fluxes that cover a wide range of energies (50keV- 6MeV) and keep temporal features as well. The new proton radiation-belt model is developed based upon CEPPAD proton measurements from the Polar mission (1996 - 2007). Comparing to the de-facto standard empirical model of AP8, this model is not only based upon a new data set representative of the proton belt during the same period covered by GPS, but can also provide statistical information of flux values such as worst cases and occurrence percentiles instead of solely the mean values. The comparison shows quite different results from the two models and suggests that the commonly accepted error factor of 2 on the AP8 flux output over-simplifies and thus underestimates variations of the proton belt. Output fluxes from this new model along the GPS orbit are further scaled by the ns41 insitu data so as to reflect the dynamic nature of protons in the outer radiation belt at geomagnetically active times. Derived daily proton fluxes along the GPS ns41 orbit, whose data files are delivered along with this report, are depicted to illustrate the trapped proton environment in the Medium-Earth Orbit. Uncertainties on those daily proton fluxes from two sources are evaluated: One is from the new proton-belt model that has error factors < ~3; the other is from the in-situ measurements and the error factors could be ~ 5.
Determination of the Total Solar Modulation Factors in the Heliosphere For Cosmic Ray Protons and Electrons by Comparing Interstellar Spectra Deduced from Voyager Measurements and PAMELA Spectra of These Particles at the Earth
Global Prompt Proton Sensor Network: Monitoring Solar Energetic Protons based on GPS Satellite Constellation
全球定位系统卫星上的高能粒子仪器构成了一个强大的全球瞬发质子传感器网络，为监测和确定以地球为目标的太阳高能质子的特征提供了前所未有的机会。全球定位系统星座的中地球轨道具有独特的优势，可以从开放和封闭场线区域的多个点同时测量太阳高能质子。通过研究太阳质子事件的两个示例间隔，我们在这项研究中展示了如何准备、校准和利用GPS质子数据来揭示太阳质子的重要特征，包括它们的来源、行星际冲击的加速/散射、这些冲击撞击地球时的相对位置、太阳粒子锋的形状、太阳质子进入动态地磁场的情况，以及能量和空间中随时间变化的质子分布。通过与Van Allen Probes资料的比较，进一步证明了GPS质子观测不仅可用于定性监测太阳质子动力学，而且可用于定量科学研究，包括确定截止L壳层。我们的研究结果表明，这个GPPSn可以与其他现有的太阳质子监测器联手，并有助于观察，预警，理解和最终预测即将到来的太阳高能质子事件。
Cosmic Ray Electrons and Protons ~1 MeV - A 40 Year Study of Their Intensities from the Earth to the Heliopause and Beyond Into Local Interstellar Space by the CRS Experiment on Voyager 1
Recovery of 150-250 MeV Cosmic Ray Proton Intensities Between 2004-2010 as Measured Near the Earth, at Voyager 2 and also in the Heliosheath at Voyager 1 - A Two Zone Heliosphere
Prediction of soft proton intensities in the near-Earth space using machine learning
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich（慕尼黑大学）；Instituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica（空间天体物理与宇宙物理研究所）；European Space Research and Technology Centre（欧洲空间研究与技术中心）；Birkeland Centre（伯克兰中心）
Numerical Study of Alfven Wave-Energetic Particle Interaction in the Inner Van Allen Belt and predictions of Seismic-Related Energetic Proton Bursts for the IITMSAT Mission
Electron intensity measurements by the Cluster/RAPID/IES instrument in Earths radiation belts and ring current
2000年发射的星团飞行任务产生了一个利用自适应粒子成像探测器研究/成像电子光谱仪仪器测量地球磁层电子通量强度的大型数据库。然而，由于辐射带和环电流中高能电子（>400 keV）和内区质子（230-630 keV）的背景污染，这些数据很少用于内磁层科学。本文提出了两种背景校正算法。第一种算法基于质子和电子的经验污染百分比。第二种算法使用同步质子观测。这些算法的效率通过比较校正的Cluster/RAPID/IES数据与2012-2015年的Van Allen Probes/Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer（MagEIS）测量值来证明。这两种技术都改善了IES在辐射带和环电流中的电子数据。IES校正的测量结果还与2017年两个会合期间的Arase中能粒子实验-电子分析仪（MEP-e）电子数据进行了比较，也显示出接近1的比率。我们展示了一个科学的应用程序的校正IES电子数据分析其演变过程中的太阳活动周期。2001- 2016年期间，外层带能量为40-400 keV的自旋平均年平均IES电子强度在4和6之间与AE指数和太阳风动压呈高度正相关。导出了外辐射带太阳风动压与IES电子测量值之间的线性-对数关系。
