First Solar energetic particles measured on the Lunar far-side
Zigong Xu, Jingnan Guo, Robert. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Johan L. Freiherr von Forstner, Henning Lohf, Yuming Wang, Nina Dresing, Shenyi Zhang, Mei Yang
On 2019 May 6, the Lunar Lander Neutron & Dosimetry (LND) Experiment on board the Chang'E-4 on the far-side of the Moon detected its first small solar energetic particle (SEP) event with proton energies up to 21MeV. Combined proton energy spectra are studied based on the LND, SOHO/EPHIN and ACE/EPAM measurements which show that LND could provide a complementary dataset from a special location on the Moon, contributing to our existing observations and understanding of space environment. Velocity dispersion analysis (VDA) has been applied to the impulsive electron event and weak proton enhancement and the results demonstrate that electrons are released only 22 minutes after the flare onset and $\sim$15 minutes after type II radio burst, while protons are released more than one hour after the electron release. The impulsive enhancement of the in-situ electrons and the derived early release time indicate a good magnetic connection between the source and Earth. However, stereoscopic remote-sensing observations from Earth and STA suggest that the SEPs are associated with an active region nearly 100$^\circ$ away from the magnetic footpoint of Earth. This suggests that the propagation of these SEPs could not follow a nominal Parker spiral under the ballistic mapping model and the release and propagation mechanism of electrons and protons are likely to differ significantly during this event.
Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Energetic Particles in Cis-Lunar Space: Need for contextual energetic particle measurements at Earth and supporting distributed observations
Inferring lunar wake potentials from electron phase space densities
University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校空间科学实验室）；Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Environment and Exploration Technology, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Technology, Shandong University（山东大学空间科学与技术学院空间科学研究院山东省空间环境与探测技术重点实验室）；University of Iowa（爱荷华大学）；Technische Universität Braunschweig（布伦瑞克工业大学）
FARSIDE: A Low Radio Frequency Interferometric Array on the Lunar Farside
FARSIDE（Farside Array for Radio Science Investigations of the Dark ages and Exoplanets）是一个探测器级的概念，用于在月球背面放置低射频干涉阵列。NASA资助的一项设计研究，重点是仪器，部署漫游车，着陆器和基站，提供了一个与探测器任务要求大致一致的架构。这种概念架构由128个双极化天线组成，由一个漫游者部署在10公里的区域内，并连接到一个基站，用于中央处理，电力和数据传输到月球网关。FARSIDE将提供每分钟在1400个频道中对整个天空进行成像的能力，这些频道的频率从100千赫到40兆赫不等，比地面射电天文学可以使用的波段低两个数量级。月球背面可以同时提供对地面射频干扰、极光千米辐射和来自太阳风的等离子体噪声的隔离。这将使得在寻找日冕物质抛射和高能粒子事件的无线电特征时能够对最近的恒星系统进行近乎连续的监测，并且还将探测最近的候选可居住系外行星的磁层。同时，FARSIDE将被用来描述我们太阳系中类似的活动，从太阳到外行星，包括假设的第九行星。通过轨道信标的精确校准和精致的前景表征，FARSIDE还将测量红移z=50-100的黑暗时代全球21厘米信号。FARSIDE提供的独特观测窗口将使更多的科学从探测月球表面到表征太阳系附近的星际介质。
In-flight calibration of RADEM, the JUICE mission radiation monitor
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas（粒子物理与实验仪器实验室）；Instituto Superior Técnico - University of Lisbon（里斯本大学高等技术学院）；European Space Agency(ESA) European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)（欧洲空间局欧洲航天天文中心）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku（图尔库大学物理与天文学系）；European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency（欧洲空间局欧洲空间研究与技术中心）
How to Deploy a 10-km Interferometric Radio Telescope on the Moon with Just Four Tethered Robots
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；Blue Origin Enterprises（蓝色起源公司）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；University of Colorado Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）
Comparative study between low and high energy SOHO/ERNE protons in solar cycle 23
Institute of Astronomy with National Astronomical Observatory – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences（保加利亚科学院天体物理学与国家天文台研究所）；National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics – Helwan, Egypt（埃及赫勒万国家天文地球物理研究所）
