太阳质子事件引起的火星表面辐射剂量模拟
Modeling Solar Proton Event-induced Martian Surface Radiation Dose
摘要：
太阳质子事件（SPE）可能会导致火星表面辐射剂量突然显着增加。从卫星和表面探测器上可以观测到SPE对火星表面的影响，但数据集在时间上非常有限，能量范围也有限，这使得它不足以估计重大事件对火星表面的影响。另一方面，可以广泛获得跨越大能量范围的SPE撞击地球的长期数据，并可用于估计重大事件对火星的长期影响。在这里，我们采用了过去几十年（1956 - 2014）在地球上观测到的主要SPE，以及PAMELA观测（2006 - 2014），并使用GEANT 4 Monte Carlo代码计算火星表面辐射剂量。我们研究了质子注量和事件的光谱形状对表面辐射剂量的贡献，并估计了未来可能发生的主要SPE对火星表面的影响。这些结果对计划中的人类火星探索具有重大意义。总体而言，我们发现极端事件的辐射剂量可能对宇航员的健康产生重大影响，在罕见的最坏情况下，估计剂量甚至可能达到致命水平。
英文摘要：
Solar Proton Events (SPEs) can cause abrupt and significant enhancements to the Martian surface radiation dose. Observations of the impact of SPEs on the Martian surface are available from satellites and surface detectors, but the data set is very limited in time, and the energy range is limited in scope, which makes it insufficient to estimate the impact of major events on the Martian surface. On the other hand, long-term data of SPEs impacting the Earth spanning a large energy range is widely available, and can be used to estimate the impact of major events on Mars on long timescales. Herein, we take major SPEs observed during the past several decades on Earth (1956 - 2014), along with PAMELA observations (2006 - 2014) and use the GEANT4 Monte Carlo code to calculate the Martian surface radiation dose. We study the contribution of proton fluence and spectral shape of events on the surface radiation dose and estimated the impact of possible major SPEs on the Martian surface in the future. These results have major implications for the planned human exploration of Mars. Overall we find that the radiation dose from extreme events can have a significant impact on astronaut health, and in rare, worst case scenarios, the estimated dose can even reach lethal levels.
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