Event-by-event fluctuations of the baryon number, which is mostly carried by protons and neutrons, in relativistic heavy-ion collisions provide a sensitive probe for locating the conjectured critical point in the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram. Since current experiments have limited access to neutron fluctuations because detectors are largely insensitive to neutrons, measurements of (net-)proton fluctuations are often used as a proxy for (net-)baryon number fluctuations. Although direct measurements of neutron fluctuations are challenging, their information are encoded in the production and correlations of light nuclei, when they are formed through coalescence of nucleons at kinetic freeze-out. Here, we propose to unfold neutron fluctuations from correlations among light nuclei produced in heavy-ion collisions. Model calculations validate this approach and show that baryon number fluctuations can be unfolded up to the third order. For fourth and higher-order cumulants, however, the uncertainties become sizable, indicating that further methodological developments and refinements are required.
The relation between the Skyrme model and the constituent quark model, which appears in the large $N_c$ limit is described. Examples of similarity in the predicted phenomenology for baryons are shown. Finally the application to nuclei is discussed.
After some short introductory remarks on particular issues on the vector mesons in nuclei, in this paper we present a short review of recent developments concerning the interaction of vector mesons with baryons and with nuclei from a modern perspective using the local hidden gauge formalism for the interaction of vector mesons. We present results for the vector baryon interaction and in particular for the resonances which appear as composite states, dynamically generated from the interaction of vector mesons with baryons, taking also the mixing of these states with pseudoscalars and baryons in…
Angular correlations of identified particles measured in ultrarelativistic proton-proton (pp) and heavy-ion collisions exhibit a number of features which depend on the collision system and particle type under consideration. Those features are produced by mechanisms, such as (mini)jets, elliptic flow, resonance decays, and conservation laws. In addition, of particular importance are those related to the quantum statistics (QS) and final-state interactions (FSIs). In this paper we show how to unfold the QS and FSI contributions in angular correlation functions by employing a Monte Carlo approach…
In high energy collisions nuclei are practically transparent to each other but produce very hot, nearly baryon-free, matter in the central rapidity region. Where do the baryons go? We calculate the energy loss of the nuclei using the color glass condensate model. Using a space-time picture of the collision we calculate the baryon and energy densities of the receding baryonic fireballs. For central collisions of large nuclei at RHIC and LHC we find baryon densities more than ten times that of atomic nuclei over a large volume which appear at high rapidities. These results can and are being used…
In very high energy collisions nuclei are practically transparent to each other but produce very hot, nearly baryon-free, matter in the so-called central rapidity region. The energy in the central rapidity region comes from the kinetic energy of the colliding nuclei. We calculate the energy and rapidity loss of the nuclei using the color glass condensate model. This model also predicts the excitation energy of the nuclear fragments. Using a space-time picture of the collision we calculate the baryon and energy densities of the receding baryonic fireballs. For central collisions of gold nuclei …
Localized single-particle potentials for all octet baryons, $N$, $Λ$, $Σ$, and $Ξ$, in finite nuclei, $^{12}$C, $^{16}$O, $^{28}$Si, $^{40}$Ca, $^{56}$Fe, and $^{90}$Zr, are calculated using the quark-model baryon-baryon interactions. $G$-matrices evaluated in symmetric nuclear matter in the lowest order Brueckner theory are applied to finite nuclei in local density approximation. Non-local potentials are localized by a zero-momentum Wigner transformation. Empirical single-particle properties of the nucleon and the $Λ$ hyperon in nuclear medium have been known to be explained semi-quantitative…
We present our latest calculations of $K^-$-nuclear quasi-bound states using a self-consistent scheme for constructing $K^-$-nuclear potentials from various subthreshold chirally inspired $\bar{K}N$ scattering amplitudes. We consider in-medium versions of the scattering amplitudes taking into account Pauli blocking in the intermediate states. The resulting $K^-$ binding energies as well as the widths exhibit the same A dependence, however, the binding energies strongly depend on the model used.
Relationships between mass intervals for free hadrons and in nuclei are studied in two theoretical approaches inspired by QCD: naive quark model and skyrmion model, taking one example each from mesons and baryons, that of pi-rho splitting in mesons, and nucleon-Delta splitting in baryons. Possible deconfinement effects in nuclei are examined.
The production of light nuclei and hypernuclei together with heavy baryons, both hyperons and $Δ$-baryons, in low density matter as found in stellar environments such as supernova or binary mergers is studied within relativistic mean-field models. Five light nuclei were considered together with three light hypernuclei. The presence of both hyperons and $Δ$-baryons shift the dissolution of clusters to larger densities and increase the abundance of clusters. This effect is larger the smaller the charge fraction and the higher the temperature. The couplings of the $Δ$-baryons were chosen imposing…
Nuclei are nearly transparent to each other when they collide at high energy, but the collisions do produce high energy density matter in the central rapidity region where most experimental measurements are made. What happens to the receding nuclear fireballs? We calculate the energy loss of the nuclei using the color glass condensate model. We then use a simple space-time picture of the collision to calculate the baryon and energy densities of the receding fireballs. For central collisions of large nuclei at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the CERN Large Hadron Collider we find ba…
The influence of $Δ$ isobar components on the ground state properties of nuclear systems is investigated for nuclear matter as well as finite nuclei. Many-body wave functions, including isobar configurations, and binding energies are evaluated employing the framework of the coupled-cluster theory. It is demonstrated that the effect of isobar configurations depends in a rather sensitive way on the model used for the baryon-baryon interaction. As examples for realistic baryon-baryon interactions with explicit inclusion of isobar channels we use the local ($V28$) and non-local meson exchange pote…
We address mixing of different baryonic states in hypernuclei and formation of strange nuclei of various kinds. First, production of neutron-rich Lambda hypernuclei by the (pi-,K+) reaction is considered, and one-step production via baryonic admixtures in the final as well as in the initial state is discussed. Then, the Lambda Lambda - Xi N mixing in p shell Lambda Lambda hypernuclei exemplified by $^{12}_{ΛΛ}$Be is studied. The last topic is devoted to production of Theta pentaquark nuclei (pentanuclei). We suggest a type of reactions with recoilless Theta production.
We use the McLerran-Venugopalan model of the glasma energy-momentum tensor to compute the rapidity loss and excitation energy of the colliding nuclei in the fragmentation regions followed by a space-time picture to obtain their energy and baryon densities. At the top RHIC energy we find baryon densities up to 3 baryons/fm$^3$, which is 20 times that of atomic nuclei. Assuming the formation of quark-gluon plasma, we find initial temperatures of 200 to 300 MeV and baryon chemical potentials of order 1 GeV. Assuming a roughly adiabatic expansion it would imply trajectories in the $T-μ$ plane whic…
Threshold neutral pion photoproduction on light nuclei is studied in the framework of baryon chiral perturbation theory. We obtain a general formula for the electric dipole amplitude in the special case of neutral pion photoproduction on a nucleus. To third order in small momenta, the amplitude is a sum of 2- and 3-body interactions with no undetermined parameters. With reasonable input from the single nucleon sector, our result for neutral pion photoproduction on the deuteron is in agreement with experiment.
Neutron and proton driplines of single-$Λ$ and double-$Λ$ hypernuclei, $Ξ^{-}$ hypernuclei as well as normal nuclei are studied within a relativistic mean field approach using an extended form of the FSU Gold Lagrangian density. Hyperons are found to produce bound nuclei beyond the normal nuclear driplines. Radii are found to decrease in hypernuclei near the driplines, in line with observations in light $Λ$ hypernuclei near the stability valley, The inclusion of a $Ξ^{-}$ introduces a much larger change in radii than one or more $Λ$'s.
Strangelets (hypothetical stable lumps of strange quarkmatter) of astrophysical origin may be ultimately detected in specific cosmic ray experiments. The initial mass distribution resulting from the possible astrophysical production sites would be subject to reprocessing in the interstellar medium and in the earth's atmosphere. In order to get a better understanding of the claims for the detection of this still hypothetic state of hadronic matter, we present a study of strangelet-nucleus interactions including several physical processes of interest (abrasion, fusion, fission, excitation and de…
A double-scattering reaction $π^+ + d\to p + p + η$, where an $η$ meson is rescattered, may provide new information on the $ηN\to ηN$ scattering. An idea to measure this reaction is proposed. Moreover, experimental search for $η$-mesic nuclei by the same $(π, N)$ reaction is discussed.
We present results for the selfenergy of the $Θ^+$ pentaquark in nuclei associated with two sources: the $KN$ decay of the $Θ^+$ and the two meson baryon decay channels of the $Θ^+$ partners in an antidecuplet of baryons. The first source is shown to produce a small potential, unable to bind the $Θ^+$ in nuclei, while the second source gives rise to a large attractive potential. At the same time we show that the width of the $Θ^+$ in nuclei is small, such that, in light and medium nuclei, many bound $Θ^+$ states would appear with a separation between levels appreciably larger than the width of…
In this contribution we review the dynamics of hyperons with nucleons and nuclear matter, paying a special attention to hypernuclei. We also discuss the presence of hyperons in the inner core of neutron stars and the consequences for the structure of these compact stars.
Following the idea of nucleon clustering and light-nuclei production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions close to the QCD critical-end point, we address the quantum effects affecting the interaction of several nucleons at finite temperature. For this aim we use the $K$-harmonics method to four-nucleon states ($α$ particle), and also develop a novel semiclassical "flucton" method at finite temperature, based on certain classical paths in Euclidean time, and apply it to two- and four-particle configurations. To study possible effects on the light-nuclei production close to the QCD critical poin…
In this talk we present a short review of recent developments concerning the interaction of vector mesons with baryons and with nuclei. We begin with the hidden gauge formalism for the interaction of vector mesons, then review results for vector baryon interaction and in particular the resonances which appear as composite states, dynamically generated from the interaction of vector mesons with baryons. New developments concerning the mixing of these states with pseudoscalars and baryons are also reported. We include some discussion on the $5/2^+$ $Δ$ resonances around 2000 MeV, where we sugges…
The properties of charmed mesons in nuclear matter and nuclei are reviewed. Different frameworks are discussed paying a special attention to unitarized coupled-channel approaches which incorporate heavy-quark spin symmetry. Several charmed baryon states with negative parity are generated dynamically by the s-wave interaction between pseudoscalar and vector meson multiplets with $1/2^+$ and $3/2^+$ baryons. These states are compared to experimental data. Moreover, the properties of open-charm mesons in matter are analyzed. The in-medium solution accounts for Pauli blocking effects, and for the …
We introduce a microscopic and relativistic theory describing free scattering and finite nuclei for the octet baryons in a consistent quantum field theoretical framework based on Dirac-Brueckner theory and nuclear mean-field. In a first quantitative approach - yet still heuristic for dealing with the $Λ$ hyperon - the quality of the description of finite (hyper)nuclei based on free meson exchange potentials is competitive with those from purely phenomenological relativistic mean-field calculations. In contrast to the latter our approach has the advantage of having a microscopic link to free in…
We consider two-colour QCD with two flavours of quarks as a possible theory of composite dark matter and use lattice field theory methods to investigate nuclear spectroscopy in the spin $J=0$ and $J=1$ multi-baryon sectors. We find compelling evidence that $J=1$ systems with baryon number $B=2,3$ (and their mixed meson-baryon counterparts) are bound states - the analogues of nuclei in this theory. In addition, we estimate the $σ$-terms of the $J=0$ and $J=1$ single baryon states which are important for the coupling of the theory to scalar currents that may mediate interactions with the visible…
Hadron structure and nuclear structure are discussed from the common ground of effective chiral Lagrangians modeling QCD at low energy. The topics treated are the chiral bag model in large $N_c$ QCD, its connection to heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory (HB\chpt),\ the role of nonabelian Berry gauge connections for baryon excitations and the application of HB\chpt \ to the thermal $n+p\rightarrow d +γ$ process and to the axial-charge transitions in heavy nuclei.
We present results for the quasi-elastic weak production of $Λ$ and $Σ$ hyperons induced by $\barν$ scattering off nuclei, in the kinematical region of interest for accelerator neutrino experiments. We employ realistic hole spectral functions and we describe the propagation of the hyperons in the nuclear medium by means of a Monte Carlo cascade. The latter strongly modifies the kinematics and the relative production rates of the hyperons, leading to a non-vanishing $Σ^+$ cross section, to a sizable enhancement of the $Λ$ production and to a drastic reduction of the $Σ^0$ and $Σ^-$ distribution…
The centrality dependence of the $p/π$ ratio measured by the ALICE Collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions indicates a statistically significant suppression with the increase of the charged particle multiplicity once the centrality-correlated part of the systematic uncertainty is eliminated from the data. We argue that this behavior can be attributed to baryon annihilation in the hadronic phase. By implementing the $B\bar{B} \leftrightarrow 5π$ reaction within a generalized partial chemical equilibrium framework, we estimate the annihilation freeze-out temperature at different centralities,…
Now that Lattice QCD calculations are beginning to include QED, it is important to better understand how hadronic properties are modified by finite-volume QED effects. They are known to exhibit power-law scaling with volume, in contrast to the exponential behavior of finite-volume strong interaction effects. We use non-relativistic effective field theories describing the low-momentum behavior of hadrons to determine the finite-volume QED corrections to the masses of mesons, baryons and nuclei out to O(1/L^4) in a volume expansion, where L is the spatial extent of the cubic volume. This general…
We investigate the properties of hadronic matter and nuclei be means of a generalized $SU(3)\times SU(3)$ $σ$ model with broken scale invariance. In mean-field approximation, vector and scalar interactions yield a saturating nuclear equation of state. Finite nuclei can be reasonably described, too. The condensates and the effective baryon masses at finite baryon density and temperature are discussed.
We calculate a new equation of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities meant for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The abundance of various nuclei is obtained together with the thermodynamic quantities. The formulation is the NSE description and the liquid drop approximation of nuclei. The model free energy to minimize is calculated by relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with the atomic number up to ~ 1000. We have also taken into account the pasta phase, thanks to which the transition to uniform nuclear matter in our EOS occurs i…
The hadron-quark/gluon duality formulated in terms of a topology change at a density $n\gsim 2n_0$ $n_0\simeq 0.16$fm$^{-3}$ is found to describe the core of massive compact stars in terms of quasiparticles of fractional baryon charges, behaving neither like pure baryons nor like deconfined quarks. This can be considered as the Cheshire-Cat mechanism~\cite{CC} for the hadron-quark continuity arrived at bottom-up from skyrmions that is equivalent to the "MIT-bag"-to-skyrmion continuity arrived at top-down from quarks/gluons. Hidden symmetries, both local gauge and pseudo-conformal (or broken sc…
We review recent computations of neutral pion photoproduction and Compton scattering on the deuteron in baryon chiral perturbation theory. Progress in extracting the neutron electric dipole amplitude, which is relevant in neutral pion photoproduction, and the neutron polarizabilities, which are relevant in Compton scattering, is discussed.
Stability of nuclei beyond the drip lines in the presence of an enveloping gas of nucleons and electrons, as prevailing in the inner crust of a neutron star, is studied in the temperature-dependent Thomas-Fermi framework. A limiting asymmetry in the isospin space beyond which nuclei cannot exist emerges from the calculations. The ambient conditions like temperature, baryon density and neutrino concentration under which these exotic nuclear systems can be formed are studied in some detail.
The self--energy of the strange baryon $Λ$ in $^{17}$O is calculated using a microscopic many--body approach which accounts for correlations beyond the mean--field or Hartree--Fock approximation. The non-locality and energy-dependence of the $Λ$ self--energy is discussed and the effects on the bound and scattering states are investigated. For the nucleon--hyperon interaction, we use the potential models of the Jülich and Nijmegen groups.
North Carolina Central University（北卡罗来纳中央大学）；New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York（纽约市立学院，纽约市立大学）；The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York（研究生院和大学中心，纽约市立大学）；Long Island University（长岛大学）
We present a concrete model of a low energy effective field theory of QCD, the well-known Skyrme Model. Specifically, we will work with the BPS submodel in order to describe the binding energies of nuclei. This BPS Skyrme model is characterized by having a saturated bound for the energy proportional to the baryon number of the nuclei. After presenting this classical result, we will proceed with a semi-classical quantization of the coordinates of spin and isospin. Then, with the further inclusion of the Coulomb interaction as well as a small explicit breaking of the isospin symmetry, we finally…
Global symmetries and symmetry breaking patterns of QCD with light quarks, in particular chiral symmetry, provide basic guidance not only for low-energy hadron physics but also for nuclear forces and the nuclear many-body problem. Recent developments of Chiral Effective Field Theory applications to nuclear and neutron matter are summarized, with special emphasis on a (non-perturbative) extension using functional renormalisation group methods. Topics include: nuclear thermodynamics, extrapolations to dense baryonic matter and constraints from neutron star observables.
The baryon and energy densities attained in fragmentation regions in central Au+Au collisions in the energy range of the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) are estimated within the model of the three-fluid dynamics. It is shown that a considerable part of the baryon charge is stopped in the central fireball. Even at 39 GeV, approximately 70% of the total baryon charge turns out to be stopped. The fraction of this stopped baryon charge decreases with collision energy rise, from 100% at 7.7 GeV to $\sim$40% at 62 GeV. The highest initial baryon densities…
The magnetic moments of ${}^2{H}$, ${}^3{He}$ and ${}^3{H}$ as well as the thermal neutron capture rate on the proton are calculated using heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory {\it à la} Weinberg. The M1 operators have been derived up to {N$^3$LO}. The nuclear matrix elements are evaluated with the use of wave functions obtained by carrying out variational Monte Carlo calculations for a realistic nuclear Hamiltonian involving high-precision phenomenological potentials like Argonne Av18 and Urbana IX tri-nucleon interactions. We discuss the potential- and cutoff-dependence of the results.
In high energy heavy-ion collisions, the two colliding nuclei pass through each other leaving behind an almost baryon free central rapidity region. Most of the baryons are carried away by the nuclear remnants and are located in the so-called fragmentation regions. In previous papers \cite{Li:2016wzh,Li:2018ini}, it has been argued that very high baryon densities, more than ten times larger than the normal nuclear density, can be achieved in these fragmentation regions. In this paper, we assume the high baryon density matter is thermalized at the same time as the baryon-free quark-gluon plasma …
We study the details and time dependence of particle production in nuclear collisions at a fixed target beam energy of $E_{\mathrm{lab}}= 1.76$ A GeV with the UrQMD transport model. We find that the previously proposed production mechanism for multi strange hadrons, $ϕ$ and $Ξ$, are possible due to secondary interactions of incoming nuclei of the projectile and target with already created nuclear resonances, while the Fermi momenta of the nuclei play only a minor role. We also show how the centrality dependence of these particle multiplicities can be used to confirm the proposed mechanism, as …
We study the production of charmed baryons in the antiproton-proton and antiproton-nucleus interactions within a fully covariant model that is based on an effective Lagrangian approach. The baryon production proceeds via the $t$-channel $D^0$ and $D^{*0}$ meson-exchange diagrams. We have also explored the production of the charm-baryon hypernucleus $^{16}_{Λ_c^+}$O in the antiproton - $^{16}$O collisions. For antiproton beam momenta of interest to the ${\bar P}ANDA$ experiment, the 0$^\circ$ differential cross sections for the formation of $^{16}_{Λ_c^+}$O hypernuclear states with simple parti…
The deformation of a nucleon embedded in various finite nuclei is considered by taking into account the distortion of the chiral profile functions under the action of an external field representing the nuclear density. The baryon charge distribution of the nucleon inside light, medium-heavy and heavy nuclei is discussed. The mass of the nucleon decreases as it is placed deeper inside the nucleus and reaches its minimum at the center of the nucleus. We discuss the quantization of non-spherical solitons and its consequences for the mass splitting of the delta states. We show that bound nucleons …
Single-particle energies of the $Λ_c$ chamed baryon are obtained in several nuclei from the relevant self-energy constructed within the framework of a perturbative many-body approach. Results are presented for a charmed baryon-nucleon ($Y_cN$) potential based on a SU(4) extension of the meson-exchange hyperon-nucleon potential $\tilde A$ of the Jülich group. Three different models (A, B and C) of this interaction, that differ only on the values of the couplings of the scalar $σ$ meson with the charmed baryons, are considered. Phase shifts, scattering lengths and effective ranges are computed f…
The equation of state (EOS) for nuclear and neutron rich matter is investigated in a Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) model. New shell states are found that minimize the free energy per baryon, calculated in a spherical Wigner-Seitz (WS) approximation, over a significant range of baryon densities. These shell states, that have both inside and outside surfaces, minimize the Coulomb energy of large proton number configurations at the expense of a larger surface energy. This is related to a possible depression in the central density of super heavy nuclei. As the baryon density increases, we find the…
The statistical model with exact conservation of baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness - the Canonical Statistical Model (CSM) - is used to analyze the dependence of yields of light nuclei at midrapidity on charged pion multiplicity at the LHC. The CSM calculations are performed assuming baryon-symmetric matter, using the recently developed Thermal-FIST package. The light nuclei-to-proton yield ratios show a monotonic increase with charged pion multiplicity, with a saturation at the corresponding grand-canonical values in the high-multiplicity limit, in good qualitative agreement wit…
We investigate worlds that lie on a slice through the parameter space of the Standard Model over which quark masses vary. We allow as many as three quarks to participate in nuclei, while fixing the mass of the electron and the average mass of the lightest baryon flavor multiplet. We classify as "congenial" worlds that satisfy the environmental constraint that the quark masses allow for stable nuclei with charges one, six, and eight, making organic chemistry possible. Whether a congenial world actually produces observers depends on a multitude of historical contingencies, beginning with primord…
We study the formation of Dark Matter nuclei in scenarios where DM particles are baryons of a new confining gauge force. The dark nucleosynthesis is analogous to the formation of light elements in the SM and requires as a first step the formation of dark deuterium. We compute this process from first principles, using the formalism of pion-less effective theory for nucleon-nucleon interactions. This controlled effective field theory expansion allows us to systematically compute the cross sections for generic SM representations under the assumption of shallow bound states. In the context of vect…
We study the properties of charmed pseudoscalar and vector mesons in dense matter within a unitary meson-baryon coupled-channel model which incorporates heavy-quark spin symmetry. This is accomplished by extending the SU(3) Weinberg-Tomozawa Lagrangian to SU(8) spin-flavor symmetry and implementing a suitable flavor symmetry breaking. Several resonances with negative parity are generated dynamically by the s-wave interaction between pseudoscalar and vector meson multiplets with $1/2^+$ and $3/2^+$ baryons. Those states are then compared to experimental data as well as theoretical models. Next,…
This note is based on four lectures that I gave at the 10th Taiwan Nuclear Spring School held at Hualien, Taiwan in January 2002. It aims to correlate the old notion of Cheshire Cat Principle developed for elementary baryons to the modern notion of quark-baryon and gluon-meson "continuities" or "dualities" in dilute and dense many-body systems and predict what would happen to mesons when squeezed by nuclear matter to high density as possibly realized in compact stars. Using color-flavor locking in QCD, the vector mesons observed at low density can be described as the Higgsed gluons dressed by …
We argue that the collinear factorization of the fragmentation functions in high energy nuclear collisions breaks down at transverse momenta $p_T \lesssim Q_s/g$ due to high parton densities in the colliding hadrons and/or nuclei. We find that gluon recombination dominates in that $p_T$ region. We calculate the inclusive cross-section for $π$ meson and nucleon production using the low energy theorems for the scale anomaly in QCD, and compare our quantitative baryon-to-meson ratio to the RHIC data.
We develop and solve a network of rate equations for the production of baryons and anti-baryons in high energy nuclear collisions. We include all members of the baryon octet and decuplet and allow for transformations among them. This network is solved during a relativistic 2+1 hydrodynamical expansion of the of the hot matter created in the collision. As an application we compare to the number of protons, lambdas, negative cascades, and omega baryons measured at mid-rapidity in central collisions of gold nuclei at 65 GeV per nucleon at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).
Kinetic equilibration of the matter and baryon densities attained in central region of colliding Au+Au nuclei in the energy range of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 3.3--39 GeV are examined within the model of the three-fluid dynamics. It is found that the kinetic equilibration is faster at higher collision energies: the equilibration time (in the c.m. frame of colliding nuclei) rises from $\sim$5 fm/c at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 3.3 GeV to $\sim$1 fm/c at 39 GeV. The chemical equilibration, and thus thermalization, takes longer. We argue that the presented time evolution of the net-baryon and energy densities in th…
We provide a dual gravity description of heavy atomic nuclei, via AdS/CFT correspondence. In holographic QCD such as Sakai-Sugimoto model, baryons are D-branes wrapping a sphere in 10 dimensional curved spacetime, so any nucleus is a collection of $A$ such D-branes where $A$ is mass number of the nucleus. Quantum theory on the nucleus is ADHM-like U(A) Yang-Mills-Higgs theory on the sphere. Taking a large $A$ limit (corresponding to heavy nuclei) leads to a dual gravity describing collective excitataions of constituent nucleons of the heavy nucleus. This dual gravity computes spectra of the he…
It is generally believed that the quark-hadron transition at small values of baryon chemical potentials $μ_B$ is a crossover but changes to a first-order phase transition with an associated critical endpoint (CEP) as $μ_B$ increases. Such a $μ_B$-dependent quark-hadron transition is expected to result in a double-peak structure in the collision energy dependence of the baryon density fluctuation in heavy-ion collisions with one at lower energy due to the spinodal instability during the first-order phase transition and another at higher energy due to the critical fluctuations in the vicinity of…
