Recent rigorous results on black hole interiors clearly suggest that the strong cosmic censorship conjecture fails in its most fundamental, i.e. weak, formulation: violations are expected for a class of spherically symmetric charged black holes in the presence of a positive cosmological constant near extremality. These results require sufficiently regular solutions. Conversely, when non-smooth, finite-energy initial data are prescribed for linear waves propagating on a fixed black hole background belonging to the aforementioned family, it was shown that the local energy of these linear waves blows up at the Cauchy horizon, hence hinting that non-smooth initial data may suppress the possible violations of the $H^1$ formulation of strong cosmic censorship. In line with this intuition, we prove that rough initial data can also trigger an instability at the Cauchy horizon in the non-linear setting, via mass inflation. In particular, we analyse a characteristic initial value problem for the spherically symmetric Einstein-Maxwell-real scalar field system describing the interior of a black hole. Our results show that, when prescribing 1) initial data asymptotically approaching those of a sub-extremal Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter solution, and 2) initial data belonging to $W^{1, 2}\setminus W^{1, q}$, for every $q > 2$, along the initial ingoing compact segment; then the Hawking mass diverges at the Cauchy horizon of the black hole solution we construct, for every parameter choice of the reference black hole. In this larger family of configurations, we prove that the smooth data suggesting violations of strong cosmic censorship are non-generic in a ``positive co-dimension'' sense, conditionally to the validity of the expected Price law bounds. Moreover, we illustrate the transition between smooth and rough initial data.
Using an estimate, we prove that if solution of the spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov-Maxwell system develops a singularity at all time, then the first one has to appear at the center of symmetry.
Using the iterative Scheme we prove the local existence and uniqueness of solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov-Maxwell system with small initial data. We prove a continuation criterion to global in-time solutions.
Using ODE techniques we prove the existence of large classes of initial data satisfying the constraints for the spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov-Maxwell system. These include data for which the ratio of total charge to total mass is arbitrarily large.
We revisit and generalize, to the Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs system, previous results of D. Christodoulou and D. Chae concerning global solutions for the Einstein-scalar field and the Einstein-Maxwell-Higgs equations. The novelty of the present work is twofold. For one thing the assumption on the self-interaction potential is improved. For another thing explanation is furnished why the solutions obtained here and those proved by Chae for the Einstein-Maxwell-Higgs decay more slowly than those established by Christodoulou in the case of self-gravitating scalar fields. Actually this latter phenom…
Static spherically symmetric distributions of electrically counterpoised dust (ECD) are used to construct solutions to Einstein-Maxwell equations in Majumdar--Papapetrou formalism. Unexpected bifurcating behaviour of solutions with regard to source strength is found for localized, as well as for the delta-function ECD distributions. Unified treatment of general ECD distributions is accomplished and it is shown that for certain source strengths one class of regular solutions approaches Minkowski spacetime, while the other comes arbitrarily close to black hole solutions.
We extend here the canonical treatment of spherically symmetric (quantum) gravity to the most simple matter coupling, namely spherically symmetric Maxwell theory with or without a cosmological constant. The quantization is based on the reduced phase space which is coordinatized by the mass and the electric charge as well as their canonically conjugate momenta, whose geometrical interpretation is explored. The dimension of the reduced phase space depends on the topology chosen, quite similar to the case of pure (2+1) gravity. We investigate several conceptual and technical details that might be…
In this paper, under spherical symmetry we prove a trapped surface formation criterion for the Einstein-Maxwell-charged scalar field system. We generalize an approach introduced by Christodoulou for studying the Einstein-scalar field. In appendix, with double null foliation we also reprove Christodoulou's result and for Minkowskian incoming characteristic initial data, we improve Christodoulou's bound.
We present here the canonical treatment of spherically symmetric (quantum) gravity coupled to spherically symmetric Maxwell theory with or without a cosmological constant. The quantization is based on the reduced phase space which is coordinatized by the mass and the electric charge as well as their canonically conjugate momenta, whose geometrical interpretation is explored. The dimension of the reduced phase space depends on the topology chosen, quite similar to the case of pure (2+1) gravity. We also compare the reduced phase space quantization to the algebraic quantization. Altogether, we o…
The Einstein-Vlasov-Maxwell (EVM) system can be viewed as a relativistic generalization of the Vlasov-Poisson (VP) system. As it is proved below, one of nice property obeys by the first system is that the strong energy condition holds and this allows to conclude that the above system is physically viable. We show in this paper that in the context of spherical symmetry, solutions of the perturbed (EVM) system by $γ:= 1/c^{2}$, $c$ being the speed of light, exist and converge uniformly in $L^{\infty}$-norm, as $c$ goes to infinity on compact time intervals to solutions of the non-relativistic (V…
We utilize a recent formulation of a spherically symmetric spacetime endowed with a general decomposition of the energy momentum tensor [Phys. Rev. D, 75, 024031 (2007)] to derive equations governing spherically symmetric distributions of electromagnetic matter. We show the system reduces to the Reissner-Nordstrom spacetime in general, spherically symmetric coordinates in the vacuum limit. Furthermore, we show reduction to the charged Vaidya spacetime in non-null coordinates when certain equations of states are chosen. A model of gravitational collapse is discussed whereby a charged fluid resi…
We consider rigidly rotating states in thermal equilibrium on static spherically symmetric spacetimes. Using the Maxwell-Juttner equilibrium distribution function, onstructed as a solution of the relativistic Boltzmann equation, the equilibrium particle flow four-vector, stress-energy tensor and the transport coefficients in the Marle model are computed. Their properties are discussed in view of the topology of the speed-of-light surface induced by the rotation for two classes of spacetimes: maximally symmetric (Minkowski, de Sitter and anti-de Sitter) and charged (Reissner-Nordstrom) black-ho…
We investigate the spherical accretion process for general static spherically symmetric fluids. We analyze this process by using the general metric ansatz for spherically symmetric black holes. We specialize to the case of normal and phantom isothermal fluids and investigate their accretion process onto normal and phantom Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton black holes. Backreaction effects are discussed.
We consider for j=1/2, 3/2,... a spherically symmetric, static system of (2j+1) Dirac particles, each having total angular momentum j. The Dirac particles interact via a classical gravitational and electromagnetic field. The Einstein-Dirac-Maxwell equations for this system are derived. It is shown that, under weak regularity conditions on the form of the horizon, the only black hole solutions of the EDM equations are the Reissner-Nordstrom solutions. In other words, the spinors must vanish identically. Applied to the gravitational collapse of a "cloud" of spin-1/2-particles to a black hole, ou…
We construct, by numerical means, static solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov-Maxwell system and investigate various features of the solutions. This extends a previous investigation \cite{AR1} of the chargeless case. We study the possible shapes of the energy density profile as a function of the area radius when the electric charge of an individual particle is varied as a parameter. We find profiles which are multi-peaked, where the peaks are separated either by vacuum or a thin atmosphere, and we find that for a sufficiently large charge parameter there are no physically mea…
In this work a static spherically symmetric black hole's solution within the Einstein-Maxwell-Yang-Mills-dilaton theory is derived. The obtained solution is examined, in particular, we have calculated the Kretschmann scalar which allowed us to characterize singularity points. Using the obtained black hole's solution we have studied its thermodynamics. Namely, the temperature was calculated, the first law was written, and the heat capacity was studied. The extended thermodynamics approach is utilized to obtain the equation of state. Within the extended thermodynamics the Gibbs free energy is de…
We study the quantum theory of the Einstein-Maxwell action with a cosmological term in the spherically symmetric space-time, and explored quantum black hole solutions in Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter geometry. We succeeded to obtain analytic solutions to satisfy both the energy and momentum constraints.
We construct higher dimensional and exact black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar-theory. The strategy we adopted is to extend the known, static and spherically symmetric black holes in the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity and Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory. Then we investigate the black hole thermodynamics. Concretely, the generalized Smarr formula and the first law of thermodynamics are derived.
Effects of inverse triad corrections and (point) holonomy corrections, occuring in loop quantum gravity, are considered on the properties of Reissner-Nordström black holes. The version of inverse triad corrections with unmodified constraint algebra reveals the possibility of occurrence of three horizons (over a finite range of mass) and also shows a mass threshold beyond which the inner horizon disappears. For the version with modified constraint algebra, coordinate transformations are no longer a good symmetry. The covariance property of spacetime is regained by using a \emph{quantum} notion …
The influence of the Maxwell field on a static, asymptotically flat and spherically-symmetric Gauss-Bonnet black hole is considered. Numerical computations suggest that if the charge increases beyond a critical value, the inner determinant singularity is replaced by an inner singular horizon.
Classes of exact static solutions in four-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton gravity are found. Besides of the well-known solutions previously found in the literature, new solutions are presented.It's shown that spherically symmetric solutions, except the case of charged dilaton black hole, represent globally naked strong curvature singularities.
In this manuscript, we present an alternative method for calculating null geodesics in General Static Isotropic Metrics in General Relativity and Extended Theories of Gravity. By applying a conformal transformation, we are able to consider an analogue gravity model, where curvature is encoded in the dielectric and magnetic properties of a medium. In other words, we pass from curved to flat space-times, where instead of the Einstein field equations, the Maxwell equations are solved. Within this geometrical background, the photon geodesics are calculated. Then, given different black hole and wor…
The uniqueness theorem for static, spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat, higher dimensional phantom black holes, with non-degenerate event horizon , being the solutions of Einstein phantom/dilaton Maxwell/anti-Maxwell gravity systems is considered. Conformal positive energy theorem and conformal transformations authorize the crucial tools for exploiting the boundary conditions and conformal flatness.
We numerically integrate the semiclassical equations of motion for spherically symmetric Einstein-Maxwell theory with a dilaton coupled scalar field and look for zero temperature configurations. The solution we find is studied in detail close to the horizon and comparison is made with the corresponding one in the minimally coupled case.
We apply the Dirac-Bergmann algorithm for the analysis of constraints to gauge theories defined on spherically symmetric black hole backgrounds. We find that the constraints for a given theory are modified on such spacetimes through the presence of additional contributions from the horizon. As a concrete example, we consider the Maxwell field on a black hole background, and determine the role of the horizon contributions on the dynamics of the theory.
A class of exact solutions for the Einstein-Maxwell field equations are obtained by assuming the erstwhile cosmological constant $ Λ$ to be a space-variable scalar, viz., $ Λ=Λ(r) $. The source considered here is static, spherically symmetric and anisotropic charged fluid. The solutions obtained are matched continuously to the exterior Reissner-Nordström solution and each of the four solutions represents an electromagnetic mass model.
We construct thin shell Lorentzian wormholes in higher dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory applying the ' Cut and Paste ' technique proposed by Visser. The linearized stability is analyzed under radial perturbations around some assumed higher dimensional spherically symmetric static solution of the Einstein field equations in presence of Electromagnetic field. We determine the total amount of exotic matter, which is concentrated at the wormhole throat.
The Lagrangian derivation of the Equations of Motion for topological static spherically symmetric metrics in $\mathcal F (R,G)$-modified gravity is presented and the related solutions are discussed. In particular, a new topological solution for the model $\mathcal F (R,G)=R+\sqrt{G}$ is found. The black hole solutions and the First Law of thermodynamic are analyzed. Furthermore, the coupling with electromagnetic field is also considered and a Maxwell solution is derived.
We consider spherically symmetric and static charged black holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-Maxwell gravities in general $D\ge 5$ dimensions and study their photon spheres and black hole shadows. We show that they all satisfy the sequence of inequalities recently proposed relating a black hole's horizon, photon sphere, shadow and its mass.
We look for the global in time solution of the Cauchy problem corresponding to the asymptotically flat spherically symmetric EVM system with small initial data. Using an estimate, we also prove that if solution of the system stated above develops a singularity at all time, then the first one has to appear at the center of symmetry.
We complete the intrinsic characterization of spherically symmetric solutions partially accomplished in a previous paper [Class.Quant.Grav. (2010) 27 205024]. In this approach we consider every compatible algebraic type of the Ricci tensor, and we analyze specifically the conformally flat case for perfect fluid and Einstein-Maxwell solutions. As a direct application we obtain the {\em ideal} labeling (exclusively involving explicit concomitants of the metric tensor) of the Schwarzschild interior metric and the Vaidya solution. The Stephani universes and some significative subfamilies are also …
Based on Einstein's theory of gravitation, we discuss the influence of a spherically symmetric gravitational field on Maxwell's law of velocity distribution. We derive the equilibrium velocity distribution of low-energy particles in the spherically symmetric gravitational field and calculate the escape rate of low-energy particles in a container with a leak placed in the spherically symmetric gravitational field. They can serve as the tests of Einstein's theory of gravitation.
We study standard Einstein-Maxwell theory minimally coupled to a complex valued and self-interacting scalar field. We demonstrate that new, previously unnoticed spherically symmetric, charged black hole solutions with scalar hair exist in this model for sufficiently large gravitational coupling and sufficiently small electromagnetic coupling. The novel scalar hair has the form of a spatially oscillating ''wave packet'' and back-reacts on the space-time such that both the Ricci and the Kretschmann scalar, respectively, possess qualitatively similar oscillations.
The uniqueness of static spherically symmetric traversable wormholes with two asymptotically flat ends, subject to the higher-dimensional solutions of Einstein-Maxwell-phantom dilaton field equations was proved. We considered the case of an arbitrary dilaton coupling constant. Conformal positive energy theorem plays the key role in the considerations.
We derive the global properties of static spherically symmetric solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton system in the presence of an arbitrary exponential dilaton potential. We show that -- with the exception of a pure cosmological constant `potential' -- no asymptotically flat, asymptotically de Sitter or asymptotically anti-de Sitter solutions exist in these models.
In this paper, we evaluated the quasinormal modes of electromagnetic perturbation in a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by the static spherically symmetric quintessence by using the third-order WKB approximation when the quintessential state parameter $ w_{q}$ in the range of $-1/3<w_{q}<0$. Due to the presence of quintessence, Maxwell field damps more slowly. And when at $-1<w_{q}<-1/3$, it is similar to the black hole solution in the ds/Ads spacetime. The appropriate boundary conditions need to be modified.
The entropy spectrum of a spherically symmetric black hole was derived via the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule in Majhi and Vagenas's work. Extending this work to charged and rotating black holes, we quantize the horizon area and the entropy of an Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion (EMDA) black hole via the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule and the adiabatic invariance. The result shows the area spectrum and the entropy spectrum are respectively equally spaced and independent on the parameters of the black hole.
Starting from the static, spherically symmetric black hole solutions in massless Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton (EMD) theories, we build a "skeleton" action, that is, we phenomenologically replace black holes by an appropriate effective point particle action, which is well suited to the formal treatment of the many-body problem in EMD theories. We find that, depending crucially on the value of their scalar cosmological environment, black holes can undergo steep "scalarization" transitions, inducing large deviations to the general relativistic two-body dynamics, as shown, for example, when computing …
We consider the Einstein-Maxwell-Klein-Gordon equations for a spherically symmetric scalar field scattering off a Reissner-Nordström black hole in asymptotically flat spacetime. The equations are solved numerically using a hyperboloidal evolution scheme. For suitable frequencies of the initial data, superradiance is observed, leading to a substantial decrease of mass and charge of the black hole. We also derive a Bondi mass loss formula using the Kodama vector field and investigate the late-time decay of the scalar field.
We derive and discuss the physical interpretation of a conformally flat, static solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations. It is argued that it describes a conformally flat, static spacetime outside a charged spherically symmetric domain wall. The acceleration of gravity is directed away from the wall in spite of the positive gravitational mass of the electric field outside the wall, as given by the Tolman-Whittaker expression. The reason for the repulsive gravitation is the strain of the wall which is calculated using the Israel formalism for singular surfaces.
The static black hole solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell equations are all spherically symmetric, as are many of the recently discovered black hole solutions in theories of gravity coupled to other forms of matter. However, counterexamples demonstrating that static black holes need not be spherically symmetric exist in theories, such as the standard electroweak model, with electrically charged massive vector fields. In such theories, a magnetically charged Reissner-Nordstrom solution with sufficiently small horizon radius is unstable against the development of a nonzero vector field outside the…
In this article we consider the conformal decomposition of the Einstein constraint equations introduced by Lichnerowicz, Choquet-Bruhat, and York, on asymptotically flat (AF) manifolds. Using the non-CMC fixed-point framework developed in 2009 by Holst, Nagy, and Tsogtgerel and by Maxwell, we establish existence of coupled non-CMC weak solutions for AF manifolds. As is the case for the analogous existence results for non-CMC solutions on closed manifolds and compact manifolds with boundary, our results here avoid the near-CMC assumption by assuming that the freely specifiable part of the data …
We compute the graviton induced corrections to Maxwell's equations in the one-loop and weak field approximations. The corrected equations are analogous to the classical equations in anisotropic and inhomogeneous media. We analyze in particular the corrections to the dispersion relations. When the wavelength of the electromagnetic field is much smaller than a typical length scale of the graviton two-point function, the speed of light depends on the direction of propagation and on the polarisation of the radiation. In the opposite case, the speed of light may also depend on the energy of the ele…
In this study we obtain the solution of the spherically symmetric de Sitter solution of black holes using a general form of distribution functions which include Gaussian, Rayleigh, and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution as a special case. We investigate the properties of thermodynamics variables such as the Hawking temperature, the entropy, the mass and the heat capacity of black holes. Moreover, we show that the strong energy condition which includes the null energy condition is satisfied. Finally, we show the regularity of the solution by calculating the scalar curvature and invariant curvature …
We study the nonlinear stability of the Cauchy horizon in the interior of extremal Reissner-Nordström black holes under spherical symmetry. We consider the Einstein-Maxwell-Klein-Gordon system such that the charge of the scalar field is appropriately small in terms of the mass of the background extremal Reissner-Nordström black hole. Given spherically symmetric characteristic initial data which approach the event horizon of extremal Reissner-Nordström sufficiently fast, we prove that the solution extends beyond the Cauchy horizon in $C^{0,\frac{1}{2}}\cap W^{1,2}_{loc}$, in contrast to the sub…
We obtain and study static, spherically symmetric solutions for the Einstein - generalized Maxwell field system in 2n dimensions, with possible inclusion of a massless scalar field. The generalization preserves the conformal invariance of the Maxwell field in higher dimensions. Almost all solutions exhibit naked singularities, but there are some classes of black-hole solutions. For these cases the Hawking temperature is found and its charge/mass and dimension dependence is discussed. It is shown that, unlike the previously known multidimensional black-hole solutions, in our case the Hawking te…
We analyze in detail the geometry and dynamics of the cosmological region arising in spherically symmetric black hole solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar field system with a positive cosmological constant. More precisely, we solve, for such a system, a characteristic initial value problem with data emulating a dynamic cosmological horizon. Our assumptions are fairly weak, in that we only assume that the data approaches that of a subextremal Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter black hole, without imposing any rate of decay. We then show that the radius (of symmetry) blows up along any null ray pa…
The energy associated with a static and spherically symmetric charged dilaton black hole is obtained for arbitrary value of the coupling parameter (which regulates the strength of the coupling of the dilaton to the Maxwell field) $β$. The energy distribution depends on $β$, whereas the total energy is independent of this and is given by the mass parameter of the black hole.
We obtain the general static, spherically symmetric solution for the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton system in four dimensions with a phantom coupling for the dilaton and/or the Maxwell field. This leads to new classes of black hole solutions, with single or multiple horizons. Using the geodesic equations, we analyse the corresponding Penrose diagrams revealing, in some cases, new causal structures.
We obtain the static spherically symmetric solutions of a class of gravitational models whose additions to the General Relativity (GR) action forbid Ricci-flat, in particular, Schwarzschild geometries. These theories are selected to maintain the (first) derivative order of the Einstein equations in Schwarzschild gauge. Generically, the solutions exhibit both horizons and a singularity at the origin, except for one model that forbids spherical symmetry altogether. Extensions to arbitrary dimension with a cosmological constant, Maxwell source and Gauss-Bonnet terms are also considered.
We consider the Einstein-Yang-Mills Lagrangian in a (4+n)-dimensional space-time. Assuming the matter and metric fields to be independent of the n extra coordinates, a spherical symmetric Ansatz for the fields leads to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations. We find that for n > 1 only solutions with either one non-zero Higgs field or with all Higgs fields constant exist. We construct the analytic solutions which fulfill this conditions for arbitrary n, namely the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton solutions. We also present generic solutions of the effective 4-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills-…
