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arXiv 2501.04834astro-ph.EPastro-ph.IM
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由新型一维辐射-流体动力学代码 pyTPCI 计算的系外行星外流辐射可探测性

Detectability of Emission from Exoplanet Outflows Calculated by pyTPCI, a New 1D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Code

Riley Rosener, Michael Zhang, Jacob L. Bean

AI总结:

该研究提出开源一维辐射-流体动力学代码 pyTPCI,模拟七颗系外行星在不同金属度下的外流发射光谱,发现 Na I 与氦线最具可探测性。

摘要:

系外行星大气中的光致蒸发被认为有助于塑造小行星半径谷。从热木星到迷你海王星,人们已在多种类型的系外行星上通过透射观测探测到正在逃逸的大气。然而,迄今尚无研究考虑外流是否也可能在辐射中被探测到。我们介绍 pyTPCI,这是一个全新的开源、自洽一维辐射-流体动力学代码,也是 The PLUTO-CLOUDY Interface 的改进版本。我们使用 pyTPCI 对七颗系外行星(HD 189733b、HD 209458b、WASP-69b、WASP-107b、TOI-1430b、TOI-560b 和 HAT-P-32b)在不同金属度下进行建模,并计算它们的发射光谱,以研究其在多种谱线中的可探测性。我们针对配备高分辨率光谱仪的 10 米级望远镜,计算这些谱线的食深和信噪比(SNR),并考虑适当的谱线致宽机制。我们表明,最容易探测的谱线往往是 589 nm Na I 双线和 1083 nm 亚稳态氦三重线。Halpha 和 Mg I 457 nm 对某些行星在某些金属度下强度中等,但它们几乎总是光学薄的,因此其部分辐射可能并非来自外流。具有最高流量、最高食深和最高 SNR 谱线的行星是 HD 189733b,其 Na I 食深为 410 ppm,每次食的 SNR 为 2.4;He* 食深为 170 ppm,SNR 为 1.3。如果观测 3 至 10 次食,并在过于乐观地假设观测达到光子极限的情况下,这些信号用 Keck 将勉强可探测。

英文摘要:

Photoevaporation in exoplanet atmospheres is thought to contribute to the shaping of the small planet radius valley. Escaping atmospheres have been detected in transmission across a variety of exoplanet types, from hot Jupiters to mini-Neptunes. However, no work has yet considered whether outflows might also be detectable in emission. We introduce pyTPCI, a new, open-source self-consistent 1D radiative-hydrodynamics code that is an improved version of The PLUTO-CLOUDY Interface. We use pyTPCI to model seven exoplanets (HD 189733b, HD 209458b, WASP-69b, WASP-107b, TOI-1430b, TOI-560b, and HAT-P-32b) at varying metallicities and compute their emission spectra to investigate their detectability across a variety of spectral lines. We calculate the eclipse depths and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of these lines for a 10m class telescope with a high-resolution spectrograph, taking into account appropriate line broadening mechanisms. We show that the most detectable spectral lines tend to be the 589 nm Na I doublet and the 1083 nm metastable helium triplet. Halpha and Mg I 457 nm are moderately strong for some planets at some metallicities, but they are almost always optically thin, so some of their emission may not be from the outflow. The planet with the highest-flux, highest-eclipse-depth, and highest-SNR lines is HD 189733b, with a Na I eclipse depth of 410 ppm and SNR of 2.4 per eclipse, and a He* eclipse depth of 170 ppm and SNR of 1.3. These signals would be marginally detectable with Keck if 3-10 eclipses were observed, assuming (over-optimistically) photon limited observations.

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