颗粒化和超颗粒化对F6-K4恒星周围可居住带中地球质量行星可探测性的影响
The effects of granulation and supergranulation on Earth-mass planet detectability in the habitable zone around F6-K4 stars
摘要：
太阳系外行星的可探测性及其径向速度投影质量的确定受到恒星磁活动和光球动力学的影响。粒化效应，甚至超粒化效应，在太阳系中已经被证明是显著的。我们的研究旨在量化这些流量对其他明星的影响，并估计这些贡献如何影响他们的表现。我们分析了一系列广泛的扩展合成时间序列，模拟这些过程的光谱类型从F6到K4的主序星，专注于地球质量的行星轨道内的宜居带围绕这些恒星。我们估计了预期的检出率和检出限，并进行了盲测。我们发现，这些恒星的颗粒和超颗粒显着影响行星质量的径向速度特征时，执行后续的过境检测，不确定性有时低于20%的1 MEarth，但更大的超颗粒。对于颗粒和低水平的超颗粒，K星和晚G星的探测率是好的（如果点的数量很大），但对更大质量的恒星的探测率很差。最高水平的超颗粒化导致非常差的性能，即使是K星;这是由于低检测率和高水平的误报，即使是在十年以上非常密集的时间采样。根据标准假警报概率估计的假阳性水平有时会显著高估或低估真实水平，这取决于点的数量。我们的结论是，颗粒和超颗粒显着影响性能的系外行星探测能力。未来的工作将集中在以下几个方面的改进：减少误报的数量，提高检测率，并改善从观察的虚警概率估计。
英文摘要：
The detectability of exoplanets and the determination of their projected mass in radial velocity are affected by stellar magnetic activity and photospheric dynamics. The effect of granulation, and even more so of supergranulation, has been shown to be significant in the solar case. Our study is aimed at quantifying the impact of these flows for other stars and estimating how such contributions affect their performance. We analysed a broad array of extended synthetic time series that model these processes for main sequence stars with spectral types from F6 to K4, focusing on Earth-mass planets orbiting within the habitable zone around those stars. We estimated the expected detection rates and detection limits, and performed blind tests. We find that both granulation and supergranulation on these stars significantly affect planet mass characterisation in radial velocity when performing a follow-up of a transit detection, with uncertainties sometimes below 20% for a 1 MEarth, but much larger for supergranulation. For granulation and low levels of supergranulation, the detection rates are good for K and late G stars (if the number of points is large), but poor for more massive stars. The highest level of supergranulation leads to a very poor performance, even for K stars; this is both due to low detection rates and to high levels of false positives, even for a very dense temporal sampling over ten years. False positive levels estimated from standard false alarm probabilities sometimes significantly overestimate or underestimate the true level, depending on the number of points. We conclude that granulation and supergranulation significantly affect the performance of exoplanet detectability. Future works will focus on improving the following aspects: decreasing the number of false positives, increasing detection rates, and improving the false alarm probability estimations from observations.
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