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arXiv 2207.07569astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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直接成像的系外行星和褐矮星周围卫星的可探测性

Detectability of satellites around directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarfs

Cecilia Lazzoni, Silvano Desidera, Raffaele Gratton, Alice Zurlo, Dino Mesa, Shrishmoy Ray

摘要:

星下伴星周围的超新星是一种具有各种不同形成历史的异质天体。聚焦于系外行星和褐矮星周围的潜在可探测卫星,我们可能会发现属于两个主要群体的物体:类似于泰坦或伽利略卫星的行星状卫星-可能在核心吸积范围内形成;以及类似双星的物体,在不同的情况下形成,例如磁盘不稳定性。这些潜在卫星的性质将彼此非常不同。此外,我们期望它们的表征将提供有关系统历史的有见地的信息。这对于通过直接成像(DI)发现的起源不明的行星/棕矮星尤为重要。在本文中,我们回顾了不同的技术,适用于DI行星/棕矮星,可以用来发现这样的卫星。这是通过模拟系外行星$β$ Pic b周围的卫星群来实现的,这是一个测试案例。对于每颗模拟卫星,检索了DI、径向速度、过境和天体测量信号相对于行星的幅度,并与当前和未来仪器的探测极限进行了比较。此外,我们还编制了一份通过DI发现的38颗亚恒星伴星的清单,以初步估计用不同的技术从上述两个种群中发现卫星的概率。这种简化的方法表明,探测到类行星卫星,虽然不是严格不可能的,但非常不可能。另一方面,对类双星的探测在现有仪器的能力范围内。

英文摘要:

Satellites around substellar companions are a heterogeneous class of objects with a variety of different formation histories. Focusing on potentially detectable satellites around exoplanets and brown dwarfs, we might expect to find objects belonging to two main populations: planet-like satellites similar to Titan or the Galileian Satellites - likely formed within the scope of core accretion; and binary-like objects, formed within different scenarios, such as disk instability. The properties of these potential satellites would be very different from each other. Additionally, we expect that their characterization would provide insightful information about the history of the system. This is particularly important for planets/brown dwarfs discovered via direct imaging (DI) with ambiguous origins. In this paper, we review different techniques, applied to DI planets/brown dwarfs, that can be used to discover such satellites. This was achieved by simulating a population of satellites around the exoplanet $β$ Pic b, which served as a test case. For each simulated satellite, the amplitude of DI, radial velocity, transit and astrometric signals, with respect to the planet, were retrieved and compared with the detection limits of current and future instruments. Furthermore, we compiled a list of 38 substellar companions discovered via DI to give a preliminary estimate on the probability of finding satellites extracted from the two populations mentioned above, with different techniques. This simplified approach shows that detection of planet-like satellites, though not strictly impossible, is very improbable. On the other hand, detection of binary-like satellites is within the capabilities of current instrumentation.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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