我们调查了在使用JWST观测各种行星的大气时,各种碳氢化合物分子(例如乙炔(C $_2$ H $_2$)、乙烯(C $_2$ H $_4$)和甲烷(CH $_4$))的丰度。我们专注于基于小样本行星参数的大气模型:HD 189733 b,HD 209458 b,HD 97658 b和开普勒-30c。我们使用贝叶斯检索包ARCiS计算模型透射谱。我们使用PandExo软件包模拟观察到的光谱。我们随后对这些光谱进行了检索,以确定是否可以从这些模拟光谱中准确检索分子丰度。我们发现,一般来说,我们可以检测和检索的碳氢化合物物种的丰度,只要他们有一个VMR以上约1 × 10 $^{-7}$-1 × 10 $^{-6}$,至少对于较亮的目标。根据行星类型和使用的仪器,这些限制可能会根据其他强吸收剂的丰度而变化。我们还发现了一种碳氢化合物与另一种碳氢化合物混淆的情况;当两种仪器结合使用时,这种情况往往会得到改善。如果C $_2$ H $_2$、CH $_4$和C $_2$ H $_4$以足够高的丰度存在,并且选择了最佳仪器,则JWST均可检出。NIRSpec G395 M和MIRI LRS,或NIRCam F322 W2和MIRI LRS这两种仪器的组合,最适合在明亮的系外行星系统中观测这些物种,NIRSpec G395 M和MIRI LRS是HD 189733 b大气层的最佳选择。NIRSpec Prism的使用被初步发现是最好的微弱目标,可能与MIRI LRS狭缝模式相结合,尽管我们测试的目标太微弱,无法得出任何有力的结论。仪器的灵敏度、噪声和波长范围都被认为是区分光谱特征的重要因素。
英文摘要:
We investigate at what abundances various hydrocarbon molecules (e.g. acetylene (C$_2$H$_2$), ethylene (C$_2$H$_4$), and methane (CH$_4$)) become detectable when observing the atmospheres of various planets using JWST. We focused on atmospheric models based on the parameters of a small sample of planets: HD 189733b, HD 209458b, HD 97658b, and Kepler-30c. We computed model transmission spectra using the Bayesian retrieval package ARCiS. We simulated observed spectra using the PandExo package. We subsequently ran retrievals on these spectra to determine whether the molecular abundances can be accurately retrieved from these simulated spectra. We find that generally we can detect and retrieve abundances of the hydrocarbon species as long as they have a VMR above approximately 1x10$^{-7}$-1x10$^{-6}$, at least for the brighter targets. There are variations based on planet type and instrument(s) used, and these limits will likely change depending on the abundance of other strong absorbers. We also find scenarios where the presence of one hydrocarbon is confused with another; this is often improved when two instruments are combined. C$_2$H$_2$, CH$_4$, and C$_2$H$_4$ will all be detectable with JWST, provided they are present in high enough abundances, and that the optimal instruments are chosen. A combination of two instruments, either NIRSpec G395M and MIRI LRS, or NIRCam F322W2 and MIRI LRS, is best for observing these species in bright exoplanet systems, with NIRSpec G395M and MIRI LRS the best option for the HD 189733b-like atmosphere with clouds included. The use of NIRSpec Prism is tentatively found to be best for fainter targets, potentially in combination with the MIRI LRS slit mode, although the target we test is too faint to draw any strong conclusions. Instrument sensitivity, noise, and wavelength range are all thought to play a role in being able to distinguish spectral features.
Detectable molecular features above hydrocarbon haze via transmission spectroscopy with JWST: Case studies of GJ 1214b-, GJ 436b-, HD 97658b-, and Kepler-51b-like planets
A JWST Study of Stardust. II. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Comet 81P/Wild 2 and Implications for Primitive Solar System Carbon
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);American University(美利坚大学);NASA Ames Research Center(美国宇航局艾姆斯研究中心);University of Western Ontario(韦仕敦大学);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);University of Minnesota(明尼苏达大学);Observatoire de Paris(巴黎天文台);Université PSL(巴黎文理研究大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Sorbonne Université(索邦大学)
Hydrocarbon Hazes on Temperate sub-Neptune K2-18b supported by data from the James Webb Space Telescope
University College London(伦敦大学学院);Universite de Reims Champagne Ardenne(兰斯香槟阿登大学);King’s College London(伦敦国王学院);Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo(巴勒莫天文台)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundances in the disk around T Chamaeleontis (T Cha): PAH sizes, ionization fraction, and mass during JWST observations
Universidad de Chile(智利大学);Millennium Nucleus on Young Exoplanets and their Moons (YEMS)(年轻系外行星及其卫星千年核);Data Observatory Foundation(数据观测基金会)
JWST/MIRI Hydrocarbon and Water Absorption in the Wind of a Young Disk: Signatures of Pebble Drift and Carbon Grain Sublimation
University of Michigan(密歇根大学);University of Wisconsin-Madison(威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);University of Hawai`i at Mānoa(夏威夷大学马诺阿分校);University of Maryland, College Park(马里兰大学帕克分校);NSFs NOIRLab(美国国家科学基金会NOIR天文台实验室);Vassar College(瓦萨学院);University of Exeter(埃克塞特大学);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale(空间天体物理研究所);University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学);Peking University(北京大学);University College London(伦敦大学学院)
Detectability of Life Using Oxygen on Pelagic Planets and Water Worlds
在系外行星上寻找生命是我们这个时代的重大科学挑战之一。迄今为止的战略是寻找(例如,通过像开普勒这样的凌日调查)在其恒星宜居带中的类地系外行星,然后使用透射光谱来测量行星大气中的生物特征气体,特别是氧气(例如,詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope)这样的行星已经比JWST观测到的要多,像凌日系外行星调查卫星和其他任务将会发现更多。需要更好地了解与生物特征气体有关的地球化学循环,以便确定代价高昂的后续观测目标的优先次序,并帮助设计未来的飞行任务。我们定义了一个可探测性指数,以量化生物特征气体可以被分配为生物与非生物来源的可能性。我们应用这个指数的情况下,氧气,O2,类地行星上的水含量不同。我们证明,在类地系外行星上,水的重量百分比为0.2%(即,没有暴露的大陆)生物必需磷的减少的通量将光合作用产生的大气O2的输出限制到与通过水的光解加上氢逃逸的地球物理产生不可区分的水平。较高的水含量> 1wt%,导致高压冰盖进一步减缓磷循环。巧合的是,允许使用O2作为生物特征的最大含水量0.2wt%与基于质量和半径的无水一致。因此,O2生物特征的实用性可能需要直接检测行星上的水和陆地。
Three-Dimensional Ocean Dynamics and Detectability of Tidally Locked Lava Worlds
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交大李政道研究所);Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Science, MIT(麻省理工学院地球、大气与行星科学系);Peking University(北京大学);School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交通大学物理与天文学院);State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交通大学暗物质物理全国重点实验室)
Detecting Planetary Oblateness in the Era of JWST: A Case Study of Kepler-167e
Tsinghua University(清华大学);Nankai University(南开大学);University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学);Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii(夏威夷大学天文研究所);Osaka University(大阪大学)
GEMS JWST: Hold on to your HATS(-6 b), a sub-solar metallicity giant planet with water, methane and ammonia in its atmosphere
University of Maryland(马里兰大学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);Southeastern Universities Research Association(东南大学研究协会);Carnegie Science(卡内基科学);Johns Hopkins APL(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);Academia Sinica(中央研究院);University of Zürich(苏黎世大学)