arXiv 2411.024882024-11-29astro-ph.GA

结合直接黑洞质量测量与空间分辨恒星运动学校准活动星系核的$M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\text{star}$关系

Combining Direct Black Hole Mass Measurements and Spatially Resolved Stellar Kinematics to Calibrate the $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\star$ Relation of Active Galaxies

Nico Winkel, Vardha N. Bennert, Raymond P. Remigio, Tommaso Treu, Knud Jahnke, Vivian U, Aaron J. Barth, Matthew Malkan, Bernd Husemann, Xuheng Ding, Simon Birrer

备注：: Submitted to ApJ. 40 pages, 19 figures, 6 tables. Reuploaded after acceptance for publication

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AI总结：

针对超大质量黑洞质量与宿主星系性质标度关系起源不明的问题，本研究结合直接黑洞质量测量与空间分辨恒星运动学，首次证明活动星系核遵循与宁静星系相同的$M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\text{star}$关系，加强了本地维里因子校准。

摘要：

超大质量黑洞（SMBHs；$M_{\rm BH}$）与其宿主星系性质之间紧密标度关系的起源仍不明确。活动星系核（AGNs）探测SMBH持续增长的阶段，是在本地宇宙之外测量$M_{\rm BH}$的唯一机会。然而，确定AGN宿主星系的恒星速度弥散$σ_\text{star}$及其星系动力学质量$M_{\rm dyn}$，因AGN污染、孔径效应和宿主星系形态差异而变得复杂。我们选取了通过最先进技术（回声信号动力学建模和VLTI/GRAVITY空间分辨宽线区）独立高精度测量$M_{\rm BH}$的AGN样本。利用IFU观测，我们绘制了星系和核球有效半径范围内宿主星系恒星运动学的空间分布图。发现星系盘的动态热成分与$M_{\rm BH}$相关；但核球范围内孔径积分的$σ_\text{star}$相关性最强。考虑不同$M_{\rm BH}$分布，首次证明AGNs遵循与宁静星系相同的$M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\text{star}$和$M_{\rm BH}$-$M_{\rm bulge, dyn}$关系。确认以样本平均确定维里因子（$log f=0.65±0.18$）与个体测量的平均$f$一致。AGNs与宁静星系标度关系的相似性表明，当前AGN阶段太短，不足以在种群水平上改变黑洞质量。这些结果加强了本地$f$校准，用于测量遥远宇宙中单历元$M_{\rm BH}$。

英文摘要：

The origin of the tight scaling relation between the mass of supermassive black holes (SMBHs; $M_{\rm BH}$) and their host-galaxy properties remains unclear. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) probe phases of ongoing SMBH growth and offer the only opportunity to measure $M_{\rm BH}$ beyond the local Universe. However, determining AGN host galaxy stellar velocity dispersion $σ_\star$, and their galaxy dynamical masses $M_{\rm dyn}$, is complicated by AGN contamination, aperture effects and different host galaxy morphologies. We select a sample of AGNs for which $M_{\rm BH}$ has been independently determined to high accuracy by state-of-the-art techniques: dynamical modeling of the reverberation signal and spatially resolving the broad-line region with VLTI/GRAVITY. Using IFU observations, we spatially map the host galaxy stellar kinematics across the galaxy and bulge effective radii. We find that that the dynamically hot component of galaxy disks correlates with $M_{\rm BH}$; however, the correlations are tightest for aperture-integrated $σ_\star$ measured across the bulge. Accounting for the different $M_{\rm BH}$ distributions, we demonstrate - for the first time - that AGNs follow the same $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_\star$ and $M_{\rm BH}$-$M_{\rm bulge, dyn}$ relations as quiescent galaxies. We confirm that the classical approach of determining the virial factor as sample-average, yielding ${\rm log }f= 0.65 \pm 0.18$, is consistent with the average $f$ from individual measurements. The similarity between the underlying scaling relations of AGNs and quiescent galaxies implies that the current AGN phase is too short to have altered BH masses on a population level. These results strengthen the local calibration of $f$ for measuring single-epoch $M_{\rm BH}$ in the distant Universe.

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