We here present the first spatially-resolved study of the IMF in external galaxies derived using a dynamical tracer of the mass-to-light ratio. We use the kinematics of relaxed molecular gas discs in seven early-type galaxies (ETGs) selected from the ATLAS3D survey to dynamically determine mass-to-light ratio (M/L) gradients. These M/L gradients are not very strong in the inner parts of these objects, and galaxies that do show variations are those with the highest specific star formation rates. Stellar population parameters derived from star formation histories are then used in order to estimate the stellar initial mass function function (IMF) mismatch parameter, and shed light on its variation within ETGs. Some of our target objects require a light IMF, otherwise their stellar population masses would be greater than their dynamical masses. In contrast, other systems seem to require heavier IMFs to explain their gas kinematics. Our analysis again confirms that IMF variation seems to be occurring within massive ETGs. We find good agreement between our IMF normalisations derived using molecular gas kinematics and those derived using other techniques. Despite this, we do not see find any correlation between the IMF normalisation and galaxy dynamical properties or stellar population parameters, either locally or globally. In the future larger studies which use molecules as tracers of galaxy dynamics can be used to help us disentangle the root cause of IMF variation.
Stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) Probed with Supernova Rates and Neutrino Background: Cosmic Average IMF Slope is $\simeq 2-3$ Similar to the Salpeter IMF
本文结合核心坍缩超新星爆发率与宇宙远紫外辐射密度，首次约束宇宙平均 IMF 斜率约为 1.8-3.2，接近 Salpeter IMF，并提出用 DSNB 中微子观测进一步改进约束。
Bright Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn: A Cloud-Scale Star Formation Model Unifying Variable SFE, IMFs, and Stochasticity
Max Planck Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna（维也纳大学天体物理系）
A Salpeter IMF and an NFW halo: Disentangling the dark and stellar mass of an elliptical galaxy through precise lens modelling of a double-source-plane system
University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
The initial mass function in the Coma Berenices dwarf galaxy from deep near-infrared HST observations
我们使用深$HST$ WFC 3/IR成像研究超暗矮星系后发座的初始质量函数（IMF）。我们的观测结果达到了有史以来在解析星系中探测到的最低恒星质量，在$\sim 0.17$ M $_{\odot}$上有50%的完整性。然而，未分辨的背景星系限制了我们的纯度低于$\sim 0.23$ M $_{\odot}$。如果建模与一个单一的幂律，我们发现，国际货币基金组织的斜率是$-1.45^{+0.29}_{-0.3}$（68\%的可信区间），相比银河系的$-2.3$值。对于一个破碎的幂律，我们得到一个低质量的斜率$-1.18_{-0.33}^{+0.49}$，一个高质量的斜率$-1.88_{-0.49}^{+0.43}$和一个转折质量$0.57_{-0.08}^{+0.12}$ M $_{\odot}$相比，$-1.3$，$-2.3$和0.5 M $_{\odot}$的Kroupa IMF。对于对数正态IMF模型，我们得到的位置参数和$0.68_{-0.12}^{+0.17}$的$0.33_{-0.16}^{+0.15}$ M $_{\odot}$的值为$σ$（0.22 M $_{\odot}$和0.57的Chabrier系统IMF）。所有三个参数化产生类似的协议与数据。我们的结果与以前的分析较浅的光学HST数据。然而，对其他矮星的类似光学数据的分析发现，IMF比银河系中的底部光明显更多…
The Stellar Initial Mass Function down to 0.16M$_{\odot}$ Towards the Small Magellanic Cloud
Rutgers the State University of New Jersey（新泽西州立罗格斯大学）；Eureka Scientific Inc.（尤里卡科学公司）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；ASI-Space Science Data Center（意大利空间局空间数据中心）；Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）
The ultra-deep HI radial profiles of late-type galaxies from MHONGOOSE
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town（开普敦大学天文学系）；Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学天体物理研究中心）；Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学物理与天文学院乔德雷尔银行天体物理中心）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡利亚里天文台）；Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)（荷兰射电天文研究所）
