An innovative particle detector that offers a compelling combination of cost-effectiveness and high accuracy is introduced. The detector features plastic scintillators paired with a sparse arrangement of SiPMs, strategically positioned within a unique opto-mechanical framework. This configuration delivers precise measurements of spatial impact position and energy deposition of impinging particles. The manuscript describes the detector's physical model complemented by an analytical representation. These calculations underpin a numerical algorithm, facilitating the estimation of particle impingement position and energy deposition. The results of the numerical calculations are compared with the output of GEANT4 simulations and evaluated by rigorous laboratory testing. An array of these detectors, intended for deployment in a spaceborne experiment, underwent detailed design, manufacturing, and testing. Their performance and alignment with the physical model were validated through meticulously conducted ground-based laboratory experiments, conclusively affirming the detector's properties.
Plastic scintillators are widely used in particle detectors when precise timing information is required. As a basis for comparing different detectors we use such a characteristic as the time resolution per 1MeV detected energy, i.e. the expected time resolution assuming the deposited energy in the scintillator equals to 1MeV and all the scintillation light is collected to the photosensor. In this work we measure this parameter with BC422 plastic scintillator read out by different SiPMs. The best obtained value is about 6ps, which is almost a factor of 3 better compared to our earlier result fr…
A 16-ch module for thermal neutron detection using ZnS:${}^6$LiF scintillator with embedded WLS fibers coupled to SiPMs and its dedicated readout electronics
Application of large area SiPMs for the readout of a plastic scintillator based timing detector
在这项研究中，八个6 mm x 6 mm面积的SiPM阵列耦合到长塑料闪烁体计数器的末端，该计数器在CERN PS暴露于2.5 GeV/c μ子束。研究了尺寸为150 cm x 6 cm x 1 cm和120 cm x 11 cm x 2.5 cm的棒的定时特性。基于新型低输入阻抗电流传输器的8通道SiPM阳极读出ASIC（MUSIC R1）被用来独立地读出和放大SiPM，并在最后对信号求和。根据这些结果，展望了在时间分辨率低于100 ps的大尺度粒子物理探测器中的应用前景。
Light yield and spatial uniformity for a large variety of configurations of scintillator tiles was studied. The light from each scintillator was collected by a Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) directly viewing the produced scintillation light (SiPM-on-tile technique). The varied parameters included tile transverse size, tile thickness, tile wrapping material, scintillator composition, and SiPM model. These studies were performed using 120 GeV protons at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. External tracking allowed the position of each proton penetrating a tile to be measured. The results were compa…
Ahigh-granularity scintillator calorimeter readout with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) candidate for experiments at the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). A critical design parameter of this ECAL candidate is the dynamic range of the SiPMs. This study investigates the SiPM dynamic range required for the CEPC scintillator ECAL. A model is developed on the basis of the operation principles of SiPMs to describe the response of an SiPM to light pulses within one recovery period by considering the cross-talk effect, photon detection efficiency, an…
The SiPM-on-tile technology, consisting of plastic scintillator tiles with typical sizes of a few cm$^2$ mounted on top of SiPMs, has been developed within the CALICE collaboration to enable automatized mass production of active elements for scintillator-based highly granular calorimeters. We present a study of the impact of misalignment of the scintillator tile with respect to the photon sensor on the response uniformity and on the absolute light yield for square, hexagonal and rhomboidal scintillator tiles of different sizes. A misalignment results in the formation of a dipole asymmetry of t…
This paper discusses the effects of radiation damage to SiPMs on the performances of plastic scintillator counters with series-connected SiPM readout, focusing on timing measurements. The performances of a counter composed of a $120 \times 40 \times5~\mathrm{mm}^3$ scintillator tile read out by two sets of six SiPMs from AdvanSiD connected in series attached on the short sides are presented, for different combinations of SiPMs at various levels of irradiation. Firstly, six SiPMs were equally irradiated with electrons from $^{90}$Sr sources up to a fluence of $Φ_\mathrm{e^-}\approx 3 \times 10^…
This work presents the design and performance study of compact strips of plastic scintillator with WLS-fiber readout in a dimension of 0.1 * 0.02 * 2 m3, which evaluates as a candidate for cosmic-ray muon detector for JUNO-TAO. The strips coupling with 3-inch PMTs are measured and compared between the single-end and double-end readout options first, and the strip of double-end option coupling with SiPM is further measured and compared with the results of that with the PMTs. The performance of the strips determined by a detailed survey along their length with cosmic-ray muon after a detailed ch…
The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of $72 \times 72\,{\rm cm}^{2}$ and a tile siz…
Over the last decade one of the most significant technological advances made in the field of radiation detectors for nuclear medicine was the development of Silicon Photomultipler (SiPM) sensors. At present a only small number of SiPM based radiation detectors for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) applications have been explored, and even fewer experimental prototypes developed. An in-silico investigation into the optimal design of a Philips DPC3200 SiPM photosensor-based thin monolithic scintillator detector for SPECT applications was undertaken using the Monte Carlo radiatio…
Development of a 3-D Position Sensitive Neutron Detector Based on Organic Scintillators with Double Side SiPM Readout
基于塑料闪烁体阵列的三维位置灵敏中子探测器正在研制中。使用双面SiPM读出来确定每个闪烁体单元中的相互作用深度（DOI）。在初步测试中，使用准直Co-60源在不同位置测量254 x 6 x 6 mm 3 SP101塑料闪烁体中的DOI。SiPM（KETEK PM 6660）信号由2.5GS/s数字示波器记录。使用幅度和时间信息两者来计算DOI结果。分别实现了2.5 cm和6.6 cm的位置分辨率（FWHM）。基于二维阵列的探测器能够记录入射中子的三维位置信息。三维探测器将与中子时间投影室一起用作定向快中子探测器。根据模拟结果，该相机的角分辨率（8度半高宽）远优于典型的中子散射相机。
Photon readout of plastic scintillators is investigated with the aim of improving the precision of neutron \b{eta} decay experiments. Neutron decay is nowadays studied with high statistics, based on up to 109 registered decay events, and leads to strongly improved limits on new physics beyond the standard model, with \b{eta}s often registered in plastic scintillators. The main systematic errors in these experiments are due to imperfect characterization of the scintillators with respect to linearity, energy resolution, and electron backscattering. We study whether these errors can be diminished…
The silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) are commonly used in the construction of radiation detectors such as those used in high energy experiments and its applications, where an excellent time resolution is required for triggering. In most of this cases, the trigger systems electric charge information is discarded due to limitations in data acquisition. In this work we propose a method using a simple radiation detector based on an organic plastic scintillator $2\times2\times0.3$~cm$^3$ size, to estimate the electric charge obtained from the acquisition of the fast output signal of a SensL SiPM m…
Design & development of position sensitive detector for hard X-ray using SiPM and new generation scintillators
高能天体物理学界对发展几百keV硬X射线能量的灵敏仪器越来越感兴趣。这需要在硬X射线能量范围内具有高效率的位置敏感探测器模块。在这里，我们提出了一个探测器模块，它由25 mm × 25 mm的CeBr3闪烁探测器，读出由一个定制设计的硅光倍增器（SiPM）的二维阵列的发展。SiPM的公共阴极的读出提供光谱测量，而单个SiPM阳极的读出提供晶体中的相互作用位置的测量。这里介绍的光谱和位置测量与探测器模块的初步结果。
The time resolution (TR) is one of the most important characteristic of a detector. For the case of a scintillator, the collection of light also is important, it depends of the effective area of the photo-sensor (\textit{Scorer}). The Photomultipliers Tubes (PMTs), normally, have an effective area greater than the Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), however, due to its voltage of operation, their size or cost, in some cases it can be difficult to work with them. In which case, it is preferable to use SiPMs. The value of TR also depends of the size and geometry of the scintillator, number of phot…
A comparison of the neutron detection efficiency and response characteristics of two pixelated PSD-capable organic scintillator detectors with different photo-detection readout methods
Upgrade of the POLDI diffractometer with a ZnS(Ag)/6LiF scintillation detector read out with WLS fibers coupled to SiPMs
Paul Scherrer研究所（PSI）正在开发一种基于ZnS（Ag）/6LiF闪烁体、波长移动光纤（WLS）和硅光电倍增器（SiPM）的热中子探测器，用于升级POLDI仪器（一种脉冲重叠衍射仪）。检测器的设计概述，并在一个单通道原型上进行测量。正在开发一种基于光子计数方法的创新信号处理系统。它的工作原理进行了描述，其性能进行评估的基础上的蒙特卡罗模拟。
