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arXiv 2406.11005quant-ph
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回到玻尔:薛定谔波动力学中的量子跃迁

Back to Bohr: Quantum Jumps in Schroedinger's Wave Mechanics

Rainer Dick

AI总结:

本文在波动力学框架内用谐振子散射阵列研究测量问题,提出非弹性散射中波函数在单个振子位置坍缩对应量子跃迁,从而以认知叠加解释玻恩规则并给出确定位置观测。

摘要:

量子力学的测量问题关注的是:在何种情况下,相干的波演化会被打断,从而产生可观测量的本征态,而不是演化为本征态的叠加。这个问题在波动力学内部、在二次量子化之前就必须得到处理,因为低能相互作用可能由保持粒子数的势相互作用主导。我们讨论一个谐振子散射阵列,该阵列可以通过与短程势的相互作用来探测穿透阵列的粒子。散射粒子波函数的演化,结合海森堡关于量子跃迁在波动力学中持续存在的论断,表明:如果散射是非弹性的,波函数将在单个振子位置附近坍缩;而对于弹性散射,波函数不会在单个位置附近坍缩。于是,位置观测的玻恩规则等价于如下陈述:非弹性散射的波函数构成可能散射态的认知叠加,即它描述的是不同散射中心上非弹性散射的概率幅之和,而在任一时刻至多只能发生一次非弹性散射事件。在这种对波函数的认知解释下,实际发生的非弹性散射事件对应于一次量子跃迁,而连续演化的波函数只描述在不同位置上散射概率幅的连续演化。因此,量子跃迁产生了由振子阵列空间分辨率所定义的确定位置观测。

英文摘要:

The measurement problem of quantum mechanics concerns the question under which circumstances coherent wave evolution becomes disrupted to produce eigenstates of observables, instead of evolving superpositions of eigenstates. The problem needs to be addressed already within wave mechanics, before second quantization, because low-energy interactions can be dominated by particle-preserving potential interactions. We discuss a scattering array of harmonic oscillators which can detect particles penetrating the array through interaction with a short-range potential. Evolution of the wave function of scattered particles, combined with Heisenberg's assertion that quantum jumps persist in wave mechanics, indicates that the wave function will collapse around single oscillator sites if the scattering is inelastic, while it will not collapse around single sites for elastic scattering. The Born rule for position observation is then equivalent to the statement that the wave function for inelastic scattering amounts to an epistemic superposition of possible scattering states, in the sense that it describes a sum of probability amplitudes for inelastic scattering off different scattering centers, whereas at most one inelastic scattering event can happen at any moment in time. Within this epistemic interpretation of the wave function, the actual underlying inelastic scattering event corresponds to a quantum jump, whereas the continuously evolving wave function only describes the continuous evolution of probability amplitudes for scattering off different sites. Quantum jumps then yield definite position observations as defined by the spatial resolution of the oscillator array.

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