We develop a Lazard correspondence between post-Lie rings and skew braces that satisfy a natural completeness condition. This is done through a thorough study of how the Lazard correspondence behaves on semi-direct sums of Lie rings. In particular, for a prime $p$ and $k<p$, we obtain a correspondence between skew braces of order $p^k$ and left nilpotent post-Lie rings of order $p^k$ on a nilpotent Lie ring. This therefore extends results by Smoktunowicz.
In this paper a simple algebraic formula is obtained for the correspondence between finite right nilpotent Fp-braces and finite nilpotent pre-Lie algebras. This correspondence agrees with the correspondence using Lazard's correspondence between finite Fp-braces and pre-Lie algebras proposed by Wolfgang Rump in 2014. As an application example, a classification of all right nilpotent Fp-braces generated by one element of cardinality p^4 is obtained, answering a question posed by Leandro Vendramin. It is also shown that the sum of a finite number of left nilpotent ideals in a left brace is a left…
The second cohomology group of a left skew brace with coefficients in a trivial left brace with non-trivial actions is defined, its connection with extensions of a left skew brace by a trivial braces is established and a Wells' like exact sequence relating the second cohomology group with inducible automorphisms of an extension of left skew braces is constructed.
We study relations between the additive and the multiplicative groups of a two-sided skew brace. In particular, we prove that if the additive group of a two-sided skew brace is finite solvable (respectively, finitely generated nilpotent, finitely generated residually nilpotent, finitely generated residually finite), then the multiplicative group of this skew brace is solvable (respectively, solvable, residually solvable, residually finite). Also, we prove that if the multiplicative group of a two-sided skew brace is nilpotent of nilpotency class $k$, then the additive group of this skew brace …
L. Childs has defined a skew brace $(G, \cdot, \circ)$ to be a bi-skew brace if $(G, \circ, \cdot)$ is also a skew brace, and has given applications of this concept to the equivalent theory of Hopf-Galois structures. The goal of this paper is to deal with bi-skew braces $(G, \cdot, \circ)$ from the yet equivalent point of view of regular subgroups of the holomorph of $(G, \cdot)$. In particular, we find that certain groups studied by T. Kohl, F. Dalla Volta and the author, and C. Tsang all yield examples of bi-skew braces. Building on a construction of Childs, we also give various methods for …
We define the radical and weight of a skew left brace and provide some basic properties of these notions. In particular, we obtain a Wedderburn type decomposition for Artinian skew left braces. Furthermore, we prove analogues of a theorem of Wiegold, a theorem of Schur and its converse in the context of skew left braces. Finally, we apply these results to detect torsion in the structure group of a finite bijective non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation.
L. N. Childs defined a bi-skew brace to be a skew brace such that if we swap the role of the two operations, then we find again a skew brace. In this paper, we give a systematic analysis of bi-skew braces. We study nilpotency and solubility, and connections between bi-skew braces and set-theoretic solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation. Further, we deal with Byott's conjecture in the case of bi-skew braces, and we use bi-skew braces as a tool to solve a classification problem proposed by L. Vendramin. In the final part, we investigate brace blocks, defined by A. Koch to be families of group op…
A skew brace is a triplet $(A,\cdot,\circ)$, where $(A,\cdot)$ and $(A,\circ)$ are groups such that the brace relation $x\circ (y\cdot z) = (x\circ y)\cdot x^{-1}\cdot (x\circ z)$ holds for all $x,y,z\in A$. In this paper, we study the number of finite skew braces $(A,\cdot,\circ)$, up to isomorphism, such that $(A,\cdot)$ and $(A,\circ)$ are both isomorphic to $T^n$ with $T$ non-abelian simple and $n\in\mathbb{N}$. We prove that it is equal to the number of unlabeled directed graphs on $n+1$ vertices, with one distingusihed vertex, and whose underlying undirected graph is a tree. In particula…
Rota-Baxter operators for groups were recently introduced by L. Guo, H. Lang, and Y. Sheng. V. G. Bardakov and V. Gubarev showed that with each Rota-Baxter operator one can associate a skew brace. Skew braces on a group $G$ can be characterised in terms of certain gamma functions from $G$ to its automorphism group $\operatorname{Aut}(G)$, that are defined by a functional equation. For the skew braces obtained from a Rota-Baxter operator the corresponding gamma functions take values in the inner automorphism group $\operatorname{Inn}(G)$ of $G$. In this paper, we give a characterisation of the …
We introduce strong left ideals of skew braces and prove that they produce non-trivial decomposition of set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. We study factorization of skew left braces through strong left ideals and we prove analogs of Itô's theorem in the context of skew left braces. As a corollary, we obtain applications to the retractability problem of involutive non-degenerate solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. Finally, we classify skew braces that contain no non-trivial proper ideals.
We study series of left ideals of skew left braces that are analogs of upper central series of groups. These concepts allow us to define left and right nilpotent skew left braces. Several results related to these concepts are proved and applications to infinite left braces are given. Indecomposable solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation are explored using the structure of skew left braces.
Braces were introduced by Rump as a generalization of Jacobson radical rings. It turns out that braces allow us to use ring-theoretic and group-theoretic methods for studying involutive solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation. If braces are replaced by skew braces, then one can use similar methods for studying not necessarily involutive solutions. Here we collect problems related to (skew) braces and set-theoretic solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation.
We introduce the notion of Drinfeld twists for both set-theoretical YBE solutions and skew braces. We give examples of such twists and show that all twists between skew braces come from families of isomorphisms between their additive groups. We then describe the relation between these definitions and co-twists on FRT-type Hopf algebras in the category $\mathrm{SupLat}$, and prove that any co-twist on a co-quasitriangular Hopf algebra in $\mathrm{SupLat}$ induces a Drinfeld twist on its remnant skew brace. We go on to classify co-twists on bicrossproduct Hopf algebras coming from groups with un…
We construct all skew braces of size $pq$ (where $p>q$ are primes) by using Byott's classification of Hopf--Galois extensions of the same degree. For $p\not\equiv 1 \pmod{q}$ there exists only one skew brace which is the trivial one. When $p\equiv 1 \pmod{q}$, we have $2q+2$ skew braces, two of which are of cyclic type (so, contained in Rump's classification) and $2q$ of non-abelian type.
We define combinatorial representations of finite skew braces and use this idea to produce a database of skew braces of small size. This database is then used to explore different concepts of the theory of skew braces such as ideals, series of ideals, prime and semiprime ideals, Baer and Wedderburn radicals and solvability. The paper contains several questions.
For a skew left brace $(G, \cdot, \circ)$, the map $λ: (G, \circ) \to \mathrm{Aut} \;(G, \cdot),~~a \mapsto λ_a$, where $λ_a(b) = a^{-1} \cdot (a \circ b)$ for all $a, b \in G$, is a group homomorphism. Then $λ$ can also be viewed as a map from $(G, \cdot)$ to $\mathrm{Aut}\; (G, \cdot)$, which, in general, may not be a homomorphism. We study skew left braces $(G, \cdot, \circ)$ for which $λ: (G, \cdot) \to \mathrm{Aut}\; (G, \cdot)$ is a homomorphism. Such skew left braces will be called $λ$-homomorphic. We formulate necessary and sufficient conditions under which a given homomorphism $λ: (G,…
We present a different version of the well-known connection between Hopf--Galois structures and skew braces, building on a recent paper of A. Koch and P. J. Truman. We show that the known results that involve this connection easily carry over to this new perspective, and that new ones naturally appear. As an application, we present new insights on the study of the surjectivity of the Hopf--Galois correspondence, explaining in more detail the role of bi-skew braces in Hopf--Galois theory.
For a skew left brace $(G, \cdot, \circ)$, the map $λ: (G, \circ) \to \Aut \,(G, \cdot),~~a \mapsto λ_a,$ where $λ_a(b) = a^{-1} \cdot (a \circ b)$ for all $a, b \in G$, is a group homomorphism. Then $λ$ can also be viewed as a map from $(G, \cdot)$ to $\Aut \, (G, \cdot)$, which, in general, may not be a homomorphism. A skew left brace will be called $λ$-anti-homomorphic ($λ$-homomorphic) if $λ: (G, \cdot) \to \Aut \, (G, \cdot)$ is an anti-homomorphism (a homomorphism). We mainly study such skew left braces. We device a method for constructing a class of binary operations on a given set so t…
We improve Algorithm 5.1 of [Math. Comp. {\bf 86} (2017), 2519-2534] for computing all non-isomorphic skew left braces, and enumerate left braces and skew left braces of orders up to 868 with some exceptions. Using the enumerated data, we state some conjectures for further research.
In this paper we enumerate the skew braces of size $p^2q$ for $p,q$ odd primes by the classification of regular subgroups of the holomorph of the groups of size $p^2q$. In particular, we provide explicit formulas for the skew braces of abelian type.
Studying solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation through skew braces, with an application to indecomposable involutive solutions with abelian permutation group
