Let $p_{r+1}-1>n \geq p_r-1$, based on a sequence $\{1,2,3\cdots\ M_r(M_r=p_1p_2\cdots p_r)\}$, we compare the density of coprime numbers and establish a correlation between the proportions of coprime numbers in the ranges from 1 to consecutive square numbers. Then, we derive the relationship between the number of coprimes in the interval of $n^2 \sim {(n+1)}^2$ and the proportion of coprimes in the interval of $1 \sim n^2$, proving that there is at least one prime number between any $n^2$ and ${(n+1)}^2$. By extending our research to the range of $1 \sim M_r^2$, we establish the relationship between the proportions of backwards coprime numbers in the ranges from ${M_r}^2$ to consecutive square numbers; furthermore, we establish a relationship between the proportions of coprimes in small interval and the whole interval. Then, in conclusion, the number of coprimes between $n^2$ and ${(n+1)}^2$ is greater than $n\prod_{i=1}^{r}{(1-\frac{1}{p_i}})$, thus proving that there are at least 2 prime numbers between $n^2$ and ${(n+1)}^2$.
We prove a modification as well as an improvement of a result of K. Ford, D. R. Heath-Brown and S. Konyagin concerning prime avoidance of square-free numbers and perfect powers of prime numbers.
We prove an isomorphism between the finite domain from 1 up to the product of the first n primes and the new defined set of prime modular numbers. This definition provides some insights about relative prime numbers. We provide an inverse function from the prime modular numbers into this finite domain. With this function we can calculate all numbers from 1 up to the product of the first n primes that are not divisible by the first n primes. This function provides a non sequential way for the calculation of prime numbers.
A classification of twin primes implies special twin primes. When applied to triplets, it yields exceptional prime number triplets. These generalize yielding exceptional prime number multiplets.
Prime number multiplet classifications and patterns are extended to negative integers. The extension from prime numbers to single prime powers is also studied. Prime number septets at equal distance are given. It is also shown that each class of generalized twin primes of the classification contains a positive fraction of all prime pairs.
The paper solves the problems of determining the asymptotics of the number of primes and the sums of functions of primes in a subset of the natural series that satisfies the conditions that the asymptotic density of the number of primes in this subset is constant and not equal to zero.
From varying Egyptian fraction equations we obtain generalizations of primary pseudoperfect numbers and Giuga numbers which we call prime power psuedoperfect numbers and prime power Giuga numbers respectively. We show that a sequence of Amarnath Murthy in the OEIS is a subsequence of the sequence of prime power psuedoperfect numbers. Prime factorization conditions sufficient to imply a number is a prime power pseudoperfect number or a prime power Giuga number are given. The conditions on prime factorizations naturally give rise to a generalization of Fermat primes which we call extended Fermat…
Let $k\geq 2$ be a fixed natural number. We establish the existence of infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes $p_n$, $p_{n+1}$ satisfying $$ p_{n+1}-p_n\geq c\:\frac{\log p_n\: \log_2 p_n\: \log_4 p_n}{\log_3 p_n}\:,$$ with $c$ being a fixed positive constant, for which the interval $(p_n, p_{n+1})$ contains the $k$-th power of a prime number.
New exceptional (i.e. non-repeating) prime number multiplets are given and formulated in terms of arithmetic progressions, along with laws governing them. Accompanying repeating prime number multiplets are pointed out. Prime number multiplets with less regular distances are studied.
We give two improved explicit versions of the prime number theorem for primes in arithmetic progression: the first isolating the contribution of the Siegel zero and the second completely explicit, where the improvement is for medium-sized values. This will give an improved explicit Bombieri-Vinogradov like result for non-exceptional moduli.
Using as the working hypothesis of an evaluation of the difference between primes $p_{n+1} - p_n = O(\sqrt{p_n})$ we represent in detail the proofs of Legendre's and Oppermann's conjectures.
Using evaluations of the difference between consecutive primes we develop another way of estimating of the number of primes in the interval $(n, 2n)$. We also discuss the ultra Cramer conjecture, $p_{n+1} - p_n = O(log^{1+ε}p_n)$ where $ε> 0$, in the context of the results we have obtained in our paper.
We show by an inclusion-exclusion argument that the prime $k$-tuple conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood provides an asymptotic formula for the number of consecutive prime numbers which are a specified distance apart. This refines one aspect of a theorem of Gallagher that the prime $k$-tuple conjecture implies that the prime numbers are distributed in a Poisson distribution around their average spacing.
This paper discusses prime numbers that are (resp. are not) congruent numbers. Particularly the only case not fully covered by earlier results, namely primes of the form $p=8k+1$, receives attention.
We prove some new lower bounds for the counting function $\mathcal N_{\mathcal C}(x)$ of the set of Novák-Carmichael numbers. Our estimates depend on the bounds for the number of shifted primes without large prime factors. In particular, we prove that $\mathcal N_{\mathcal C}(x) \gg x^{0.7039-o(1)}$ unconditionally and that $\mathcal N_{\mathcal C}(x) \gg xe^{-(7+o(1))(\log x)\frac{\log\log\log x}{\log\log x}}$, under some reasonable hypothesis.
We investigate the distribution of the function $ω(n)$, the number of distinct prime divisors of $n$, in residue classes modulo $q$ for natural numbers $q$ greater than 2. In particular we ask `prime number races' style questions, as suggested by Coons and Dahmen in their paper `On the residue class distribution of the number of prime divisors of an integer'.
We show that for each prime p > 7, every residue mod p can be represented by a squarefree number with largest prime factor at most p. We give two applications to recursive prime generators akin to the one Euclid used to prove the infinitude of primes.
We will derive a function that eliminates any sequence of equidistant numbers from the integer numbers, then we will derive its inverse. Then we will use the Sequence elimination function to eliminate the multiples of the prime numbers from the integer numbers to produce formulas that generate all prime numbers in some interval.
In this paper, a new formula for π^(2)(N) is formulated, it is a function that counts the number of semi-primes not exceeding a given number N. A semi-prime is a natural number that is the product of precisely two prime numbers, the two primes in the product may equal each other. Semi-prime numbers are also a case of almost primes. Since a formula for this is already known, a new identity that uses the prime counting function is created by equating the two functions.
We present lower bounds on the sum and product of the distinct prime factors of an odd perfect number, which provide a lower bound on the size of the odd perfect number as a function of the number of its distinct prime factors.
We find asymptotics for $S_{K,c}(x)$, the number of positive integers below $x$ whose number of prime factors is $c \; \mathrm{mod}\; K$. We study this question in the context of Beurling integers.
Is it true that for all $n\geq k\geq 2$ there exists a prime number between $kn$ and $(k+1)n$? In this paper we show that there is always a prime number between $4n$ and $5n$ for all $n>2$. We also show there are at least seven prime numbers between $n$ and $5n$ for all $n>5$.
We introduce the notion of saturated sets of primes of an algebraic number field and prove an analogue of Riemann's existence theorem for the decomposition groups of infinite stably saturated sets of primes.
Several examples of generalized number systems are constructed to compare various conditions occurring in the literature for the prime number theorem in the context of Beurling generalized primes.
In this paper, we develop a novel analytic method to prove the prime number theorem in de la Vallée Poussin's form: $$ π(x)=\operatorname{li}(x)+\mathcal O(xe^{-c\sqrt{\log x}}) $$ Instead of performing asymptotic expansion on Chebyshev functions as in conventional analytic methods, this new approach uses contour-integration method to analyze Riemann's prime counting function $J(x)$, which only differs from $π(x)$ by $\mathcal O(\sqrt x/\log x)$.
In this paper we investigate the distribution of the number of primes which ramify in number fields of degree d <= 5. In analogy with the classical Erdos-Kac theorem, we prove for S_d-extensions that the number of such primes is normally distributed with mean and variance log log X.
We give a necessary condition for the existence of solutions of the Diophantine equation $p=x^{q}+ry^{q},$ with $p$, $q$, $r$ distinct odd prime natural numbers.
Based on new explicit estimates for the prime counting function, we improve the currently known estimates for the particular sequence $C_n = np_n - \sum_{k \leq n}p_k$, $n \geq 1$, involving the prime numbers.
We present a very elementary proof of the uniqueness of Markoff numbers which are prime powers or twice prime powers, in the sense that it uses neither algebraic number theory nor hyperbolic geometry.
An odd perfect number, N, is shown to have at least nine distinct prime factors. If 3 does not divide N, then N must have at least twelve distinct prime divisors. The proof ultimately avoids previous computational results for odd perfect numbers.
Today, prime numbers attained exceptional situation in the area of numbers theory and cryptography. As we know, the trend for accessing to the largest prime numbers due to using Mersenne theorem, although resulted in vast development of related numbers, however it has reduced the speed of accessing to prime numbers from one to five years. This paper could attain to theorems that are more extended than Mersenne theorem with accelerating the speed of accessing to prime numbers. Since that time, the reason for frequently using Mersenne theorem was that no one could find an efficient formula for a…
Counting the number of prime numbers up to a certain natural number and describing the asymptotic behavior of such a counting function has been studied by famous mathematicians like Gauss, Legendre, Dirichlet, and Euler. The prime number theorem determines that such asymptotic behavior is similar to the asymptotic behavior of the number divided by its natural logarithm. In this paper, we take advantage of a multiplicative representation of a number and the properties of the logarithm function to express the prime number theorem in terms of primorial numbers, and n-primorial totative numbers. A…
Computer experiments reveal that twin primes tend to center on nonsquarefree multiples of 6 more often than on squarefree multiples of 6 compared to what should be expected from the ratio of the number of nonsquarefree multiples of 6 to the number of squarefree multiples of 6 equal $π^2/3-1$, or ca 2.290. For multiples of 6 surrounded by twin primes, this ratio is 2.427, a relative difference of ca $6.0\%$ measured against the expected value. A deviation from the expected value of this ratio, ca $1.9\%$, exists also for isolated primes. This shows that the distribution of primes is biased towa…
In this paper, we propose a new primality test, and then we employ this test to find a formula for π that computes the number of primes within any interval. We finally propose a new formula that computes the nth prime number as well as the next prime for any given number
For every prime number p, we show the existence of a solvable number field L ramified only at {p and infinity whose p-Hilbert Class field tower is infinite.
In this paper we study a sequence involving the prime numbers by deriving two asymptotic formulas and finding new upper and lower bounds, which improve the currently known estimates.
Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, we prove the latest explicit version of the prime number theorem for short intervals. Using this result, and assuming the generalised Riemann hypothesis for Dirichlet $L$-functions is true, we then establish explicit formulae for $ψ(x,χ)$, $θ(x,χ)$, and an explicit version of the prime number theorem for primes in arithmetic progressions that hold for general moduli $q\geq 3$. Finally, we restrict our attention to $q\leq 10\,000$ and use an exact computation to refine these results.
Under Cramér's conjecture concerning the prime numbers, we prove that for any $x>1$, there exists a real $A=A(x)>1$ for which the formula $[A^{n^x}]$ (where $[]$ denotes the integer part) gives a prime number for any positive integer $n$. Under the same conjecture, we also prove that for any $ε>0$, there exists a positive real number $B$ for which the formula $[B.{n!}^{2+ε}]$ gives a prime number for any sufficiently large positive integer $n$.
Classifications of twin primes are established and then applied to triplets that generalize to all higher multiplets. Mersenne and Fermat twins and triplets are treated in this framework. Regular prime number multiplets are related to quadratic and cubic prime number generating polynomials.
In the present paper we prove that there exist infinitely many arithmetic progressions of three different primes $p_1,p_2,p_3=2p_2-p_1$ such that $p_1=x_1^2 + y_1^2 +1$, $p_2=x_2^2 + y_2^2 +1$.
In this note we examine Littlewood's proof of the prime number theorem. We show that this can be extended to provide an equivalence between the prime number theorem and the non-vanishing of Riemann's zeta-function on the one-line. Our approach goes through the theory of almost periodic functions and is self-contained.
Bertrand's postulate establishes that for all positive integers $n>1$ there exists a prime number between $n$ and $2n$. We consider a generalization of this theorem as: for integers $n\geq k\geq 2$ is there a prime number between $kn$ and $(k+1)n$? We use elementary methods of binomial coefficients and the Chebyshev functions to establish the cases for $2\leq k\leq 8$. We then move to an analytic number theory approach to show that there is a prime number in the interval $(kn, (k+1)n)$ for at least $n\geq k$ and $2\leq k\leq 519$. We then consider Legendre's conjecture on the existence of a pr…
In this short note, we give two proofs of the infinitude of primes via valuation theory and give a new proof of the divergence of the sum of prime reciprocals by Roth's theorem and Euler-Legendre's theorem for arithmetic progressions.
We make explicit a theorem of Pintz concerning the error term in the prime number theorem. This gives an improved version of the prime number theorem with error term roughly square-root of that which was previously known. We apply this to a long-standing problem concerning an inequality studied by Ramanujan.
In this note we describe a method for finding prime numbers as fixed points of particularly simple sequences. Some basic calculations show that success rates for identifying primes this way are over 99.9%. In particular, it seems that the set of odd primes can be obtained as fixed points of the sequence which we call A(1), the sequence of smallest divisors of triangular numbers, where the divisors are positive numbers that have not yet appeared in the sequence.
We study the gaps between consecutive prime numbers directly through Eratosthenes sieve. Using elementary methods, we identify a recursive relation for these gaps and for specific sequences of consecutive gaps, known as constellations. Using this recursion we can estimate the numbers of a gap or of a constellation that occur between a prime and its square. This recursion also has explicit implications for open questions about gaps between prime numbers, including three questions posed by Erdös and Turán.
