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arXiv 2403.04840astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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行星质量天体上驱动变异性与云调制的大气波

Atmospheric Waves Driving Variability and Cloud Modulation on a Planetary-Mass Object

Michael K. Plummer, Ji Wang, Étienne Artigau, René Doyon, Genaro Suárez

AI总结:

本研究针对L/T过渡阶段的行星质量天体SIMP0136的多波段近红外观测,通过波模型与斑点模型拟合,证实行星尺度大气波是其光度变异的主要来源,并发现波诱发云调制及复杂垂直云结构的证据。

摘要:

处于从偏红的L型矮星向偏蓝的中T型矮星过渡阶段(有效温度T_eff~1300K)的行星质量天体与褐矮星,表现出增强的分光光度变异性。多历元观测支持大气行星尺度波(开尔文波或罗斯贝波)是这种变异性的主要来源;然而,与硅酸盐和金属云沉降相关的大斑点也在理论上被提出,且得到了多普勒成像的佐证。我们将波模型与斑点模型同时应用于拟合SIMP J013656.5+093347(以下简称SIMP0136)的近红外(NIR)多波段(Y/J/H/K)测光数据,这些数据由加拿大-法国-夏威夷望远镜使用广角红外相机采集。SIMP0136是一颗处于L/T过渡阶段(光谱型T2±0.5)的行星质量天体(质量12.7±1.0倍木星质量M_J),已知其光变曲线会在多个自转周期内发生演化。我们测得其在Y、J、H、K波段的最大峰峰值变异性分别为6.17±0.46%、6.45±0.33%、6.51±0.42%和4.33±0.38%,并发现所有四个近红外波段的观测结果均更支持波模型。此外,我们确定,要重现观测到的变异性所需的斑点尺寸大于罗斯贝变形半径与莱茵斯尺度,这在物理上是不成立的。通过波产生的光变曲线与相关颜色变异性之间的关联,我们找到了行星尺度波诱发云调制与云破碎的证据,这一现象与木星大气类似,且得到了大气环流模型的支持。我们还检测到H-K与J-H颜色时间序列之间存在93.8°±7.4°(置信度12.7σ)的相移,为SIMP0136大气中存在复杂的垂直云结构提供了证据。

英文摘要:

Planetary-mass objects and brown dwarfs at the transition ($\rm{T}_{eff}\sim1300$\,K) from relatively red L dwarfs to bluer mid-T dwarfs show enhanced spectrophotometric variability. Multi-epoch observations support atmospheric planetary-scale (Kelvin or Rossby) waves as the primary source of this variability; however, large spots associated with the precipitation of silicate and metal clouds have also been theorized and suggested by Doppler imaging. We applied both wave and spotted models to fit near-infrared (NIR), multi-band ($Y$/$J$/$H$/$K$) photometry of SIMP\,J013656.5+093347 (hereafter SIMP0136), collected at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope using the Wide-field InfraRed Camera. SIMP0136 is a planetary-mass object (12.7$\pm1.0 \ \rm{M_J}$) at the L/T transition (T2$\pm0.5$) known to exhibit light curve evolution over multiple rotational periods. We measure the maximum peak-to-peak variability of $6.17\pm0.46\%$, $6.45\pm0.33\%$, $6.51\pm0.42\%$, and $4.33\pm0.38\%$ in the $Y$, $J$, $H$, and $K$ bands respectively, and find evidence that wave models are preferred for all four NIR bands. Furthermore, we determine the spot size necessary to reproduce the observed variations is larger than the Rossby deformation radius and Rhines scale, which is unphysical. Through the correlation between light curves produced by the waves and associated color variability, we find evidence of planetary-scale, wave-induced cloud modulation and breakup, similar to Jupiter's atmosphere and supported by general circulation models. We also detect a $93.8^{\circ}\pm7.4^{\circ}$ ($12.7σ$) phase shift between the $H-K$ and $J-H$ color time series, providing evidence for complex vertical cloud structure in SIMP0136's atmosphere.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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