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arXiv 1409.2879astro-ph.EP
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与大气逃逸耦合的行星人口合成:蒸发的统计观点

Planetary population synthesis coupled with atmospheric escape: a statistical view of evaporation

Sheng Jin, Christoph Mordasini, Vivien Parmentier, Roy van Boekel, Thomas Henning, Jianghui Ji

摘要:

我们应用流体动力学蒸发模型,以不同的合成行星的人口是从一个行星形成代码的核心吸积范例的基础上获得的。我们研究了使用几种蒸发模型,这是由逃逸流(X射线或EUV)的驱动力,在能量有限的蒸发制度,或两者兼而有之的加热效率区分的行星人口的演变。虽然行星人口的质量分布几乎不受蒸发的影响,但半径分布清楚地显示出在大约2 $R_{\oplus}$处的突变。我们发现蒸发会导致行星尺寸的双峰分布(Owen & Wu 2013),并导致轨道距离-行星半径平面中对角向下延伸的“蒸发谷”,将裸露的核心与保留了一些原始H的低质量行星分开/He。此外,这种双峰分布与行星种群的初始特征有关,因为低质量行星核只能吸积小的原始H/He包层,并且它们的包层质量与它们的核质量成正比。我们还发现,人口范围内的蒸发效应是不敏感的能量有限描述的加热效率。然而,在两种极端情况下,即没有蒸发或在蒸发模型中具有100\%的加热效率,最终的尺寸分布显示出显著的差异;这两种情况可以从$Kepler$候选物的尺寸分布中排除。

英文摘要:

We apply hydrodynamic evaporation models to different synthetic planet populations that were obtained from a planet formation code based on a core-accretion paradigm. We investigated the evolution of the planet populations using several evaporation models, which are distinguished by the driving force of the escape flow (X-ray or EUV), the heating efficiency in energy-limited evaporation regimes, or both. Although the mass distribution of the planet populations is barely affected by evaporation, the radius distribution clearly shows a break at approximately 2 $R_{\oplus}$. We find that evaporation can lead to a bimodal distribution of planetary sizes (Owen & Wu 2013) and to an "evaporation valley" running diagonally downwards in the orbital distance - planetary radius plane, separating bare cores from low-mass planet that have kept some primordial H/He. Furthermore, this bimodal distribution is related to the initial characteristics of the planetary populations because low-mass planetary cores can only accrete small primordial H/He envelopes and their envelope masses are proportional to their core masses. We also find that the population-wide effect of evaporation is not sensitive to the heating efficiency of energy-limited description. However, in two extreme cases, namely without evaporation or with a 100\% heating efficiency in an evaporation model, the final size distributions show significant differences; these two scenarios can be ruled out from the size distribution of $Kepler$ candidates.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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