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arXiv 2402.06008math.CO
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Proper Z4 x Z2-着色:结构刻画及其在若干 snarks 中的应用

Proper Z4 x Z2-colorings: structural characterization with application to some snarks

Jelena Sedlar, Riste Škrekovski

AI总结:

本文刻画了三次图的正常 Z4 x Z2-着色等价于其 2-因子中存在特定匹配,并给出修改匹配的充分条件,应用于置换 snarks,为验证例外群着色猜想提供新途径。

摘要:

三次图 G 的有限阿贝尔群 A 的正常阿贝尔着色是指用 A 的非零元素对 G 的边进行正常着色,使得 G 的任意顶点 v 关联的三条边的颜色之和等于零。已知阶数小于 10 的循环群不能对所有无桥三次图着色,而所有阶数至少为 12 的阿贝尔群则可以。这为四个所谓的例外群 Z4 x Z2、Z3 x Z3、Z10 和 Z11 对 snarks 的着色问题留下了开放问题。文献中猜想每个三次图都有每个例外群的正常阿贝尔着色,并且进一步已知 G 存在正常 Z4 x Z2-着色意味着 G 存在所有其余例外群的正常着色。在本文中,我们给出了正常 Z4 x Z2-着色在 G 的 2-因子 F 中存在具有特定性质的匹配 M 方面的刻画。此外,为了修改任意匹配 M 使其满足刻画的要求,我们首先引入了 F 的圈与 G - M 的圈之间关系的关联结构。进一步,我们提供了在引入的关联结构的特定性质下 M 可以被修改为期望匹配的充分条件。我们通过将结果应用于一些奇度数为 2 的 snarks,特别是置换 snarks,来结束本文。我们相信本文的方法经过一些额外的改进可以扩展到更大的 snarks 类别,如果不是全部的话。

英文摘要:

A proper abelian coloring of a cubic graph G by a finite abelian group A is any proper edge-coloring of G by the non-zero elements of A such that the sum of the colors of the three edges incident to any vertex v of G equals zero. It is known that cyclic groups of order smaller than 10 do not color all bridgeless cubic graphs, and that all abelian groups of order at least 12 do. This leaves the question open for the four so called exceptional groups Z4 x Z2, Z3 x Z3, Z10 and Z11 for snarks. It is conjectured in literature that every cubic graph has a proper abelian coloring by each exceptional group and it is further known that the existence of a proper Z4 x Z2-coloring of G implies the existence of a proper coloring of G by all the remaining exceptional groups. In this paper, we give a characterization of a proper Z4 x Z2-coloring in terms of the existence of a matching M in a 2-factor F of G with particular properties. Moreover, in order to modify an arbitrary matching M so that it meets the requirements of the characterization, we first introduce an incidence structure of the cycles of F in relation to the cycles of G - M. Further, we provide a sufficient condition under which M can be modified into a desired matching in terms of particular properties of the introduced incidence structure. We conclude the paper by applying the results to some oddness two snarks, in particular to permutation snarks. We believe that the approach of this paper with some additional refinements extends to larger classes of snarks, if not to all in general.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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