Transcendental Continued Fractions
Sarra Ahallal, Ali Kacha
本文为连分数$A$和$B$的元素给出充分条件，确保$A^B$为超越数，并建立其超越测度。
本文给出了连分数$A$和$B$的元素满足的充分条件，该条件确保连分数$A^B$是超越数。在相同条件下，我们建立了$A^B$的超越测度。
In the present paper, we give sufficient conditions on the elements of the continued fractions $A$ and $B$ that will assure us that the continued fraction $A^B$ is a transcendental number. With the same condition, we establish a transcendental measure of $A^B.$
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We establish a new transcendence criterion of $p$-adic continued fractions which are called Ruban continued fractions. By this result, we give explicit transcendental Ruban continued fractions with bounded $p$-adic absolute value of partial quotients. This is $p$-adic analogy of Baker's result. We also prove that $p$-adic analogy of Lagrange Theorem for Ruban continued fractions is not true.
It is widely believed that the continued fraction expansion of every irrational algebraic number $α$ either is eventually periodic (and we know that this is the case if and only if $α$ is a quadratic irrational), or it contains arbitrarily large partial quotients. Apparently, this question was first considered by Khintchine. A preliminary step towards its resolution consists in providing explicit examples of transcendental continued fractions. The main purpose of the present work is to present new families of transcendental continued fractions with bounded partial quotients. Our results are de…
We establish new combinatorial transcendence criteria for continued fraction expansions. Let $α= [0; a_1, a_2,...]$ be an algebraic number of degree at least three. One of our criteria implies that the sequence of partial quotients $(a_{\ell})_{\ell \ge 1}$ of $α$ cannot be generated by a finite automaton, and that the complexity function of $(a_{\ell})_{\ell \ge 1}$ cannot increase too slowly.
We consider series of the form $$ \frac{p}{q} +\sum_{j=2}^\infty \frac{1}{x_j}, $$ where $x_1=q$ and the integer sequence $(x_n)$ satisfies a certain non-autonomous recurrence of second order, which entails that $x_n|x_{n+1}$ for $n\geq 1$. It is shown that the terms of the sequence, and multiples of the ratios of successive terms, appear interlaced in the continued fraction expansion of the sum of the series, which is a transcendental number.
We consider a family of integer sequences generated by nonlinear recurrences of the second order, which have the curious property that the terms of the sequence, and integer multiples of the ratios of successive terms (which are also integers), appear interlaced in the continued fraction expansion of the sum of the reciprocals of the terms. Using the rapid (double exponential) growth of the terms, for each sequence it is shown that the sum of the reciprocals is a transcendental number.
Adolf Hurwitz proposed in 1887 a continued fraction algorithm for complex numbers: Hurwitz continued fractions (HCF). Among other similarities between HCF and regular continued fractions, quadratic irrational numbers over $\mathbb{Q}(i)$ are precisely those with periodic HCF expansions. In this paper, we give some necessary as well as some sufficient conditions for pure periodicity of HCF. Then, we characterize badly approximable complex numbers in terms of HCF. Finally, we prove a slightly weaker complex analogue of a theorem by Y. Bugeaud on the transcendence of certain continued fractions.
Transcendental Functions on Continued Fractions
本文提出一种修改版 Gosper 连分数算术算法以解决无限循环问题，并将其与 spigot 算法结合，在 Haskell 中实现了连分数上指数、对数及三角函数的连分数展开计算。
In this article, first we generalize the Thue-Morse sequence $(a(n))_{n=0}^\infty$ (the generalized Thue-Morse sequences) by a cyclic permutation and $k$ -adic expansion of natural numbers, and consider the necessary-sufficient condition that it is non-periodic. Moreover we will show that, if the generalized Thue-Morse sequence is not periodic, then all equally spaced subsequences $(a(N+nl))_{n=0}^\infty$ (where $N \ge 0$ and $l >0$) of the generalized Thue-Morse sequences are not periodic. Finally we apply the criterion of [ABL], [Bu$1$] on transcendental numbers, to find that , for a non per…
The Thue-Morse sequence is generalized to the $TM_m$ sequences and two equivalent definitions are given. This generalization leads to transcendental numbers and has Queffélec's theorem on Thue-Morse continued fractions as a special case. It is also shown that the theorem of Adamczewski and Bugeaud for palindromic continued fractions cannot be applied in this case.
We study a family of generalized continued fractions, which are defined by a pair of substitution sequences in a finite alphabet. We prove that they are stammering sequences, in the sense of Adamczewski and Bugeaud. We also prove that this family consists of transcendental numbers which are not Liouvillian. We explore the partial quotients of their regular continued fraction expansions, arriving at no conclusion concerning their boundedness.
On a two-valued infinite sequence and a related continued fraction in Q((T^-1))
本文补充六年前发表于The Ramanujan Journal的工作，完整刻画了Q((T^-1))中与特定无限双字母词相关的奇异超越连分数。
Many generalizations of continued fractions, where the reciprocal function has been replaced by a more general function, have been studied, and it is often asked whether such generalized expansions can have nice properties. For instance, we might ask that algebraic numbers of a given degree have periodic expansions, just as quadratic irrationals have periodic continued fractions; or we might ask that familiar transcendental constants such as $e$ or $π$ have periodic or terminating expansions. In this paper, we show that there exist such generalized continued function expansions with essentiall…
We explicitly describe a noteworthy transcendental continued fraction in the field of power series over Q, having irrationality measure equal to 3. This continued fraction is a generating function of a particular sequence in the set {1, 2}. The origin of this sequence, whose study was initiated in a recent paper, is to be found in another continued fraction, in the field of power series over $\mathbb{F}\_3$, which satisfies a simple algebraic equation of degree 4, introduced thirty years ago by D. Robbins.
We consider the real number $σ$ with continued fraction expansion $[a_0, a_1, a_2,\ldots] = [1,2,1,4,1,2,1,8,1,2,1,4,1,2,1,16,\ldots]$, where $a_i$ is the largest power of $2$ dividing $i+1$. We compute the irrationality measure of $σ^2$ and demonstrate that $σ^2$ (and $σ$) are both transcendental numbers. We also show that certain partial quotients of $σ^2$ grow doubly exponentially, thus confirming a conjecture of Hanna and Wilson.
We study the values of the recently introduced involution J (jimm) of the real line, which is equivariant with the action of the group PGL(2,Z). We test our conjecture that this involution sends algebraic numbers of degree at least three to transcendental values. We also deduce some theoretical results concerning the continued fraction statistics of the generic values of this involution and compare them with the experimental results.
If a machine did it, it is probably transcendental (even $p$-adically)
研究源于特定词类的p进数连分数的代数性，通过连分数展开搭建数的代数性质与字的组合学的桥梁，在温和条件下得出这类数要么是次数至多为2的代数数，要么是超越数的结论，扩展了相关工作。
Transcendence criteria for multidimensional continued fractions
本文针对 Jacobi 引入的多维连分数建立超越性判据，证明某些 Liouville 型和拟周期多维连分数是超越的，并通过周期多维连分数产生的三次无理数高度上界完成拟周期情形的证明。
Transcendence of $p$-adic continued fractions and a quantitative $p$-adic Roth theorem
本文研究了p进数列的超越性，证明回文和拟周期性p进数列收敛于超越数或二次无理数，并提供了一个量化版的p进Roth定理。
An Engel series is a sum of the reciprocals of an increasing sequence of positive integers, which is such that each term is divisible by the previous one. Here we consider a particular class of Engel series, for which each term of the sequence is divisible by the square of the preceding one, and find an explicit expression for the continued fraction expansion of the sum of a generic series of this kind. As a special case, this includes certain series whose continued fraction expansion was found by Shallit. A family of examples generated by nonlinear recurrences with the Laurent property is con…
Heights and transcendence of $p$--adic continued fractions
本文研究p进连分数的超越性，通过p进欧几里得算法分析Browkin算法，给出周期p进连分数的高度上界，并结合p进Roth型结果证明了两类p进连分数的超越性。
In this paper we define "a continued fraction expansion of the exponential integral $E_{1}(x)$ at infinity", which is analogous to the regular continued fraction expansion of real numbers, and prove that this expansion gives the same continued fraction. Moreover, we give concrete representations of rational functions which are obtained by truncating the continued fraction.
Let $f(x) \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$. Set $f_{0}(x) = x$ and, for $n \geq 1$, define $f_{n}(x)$ $=$ $f(f_{n-1}(x))$. We describe several infinite families of polynomials for which the infinite product \prod_{n=0}^{\infty} (1 + \frac{1}{f_{n}(x)}) has a \emph{specializable} continued fraction expansion of the form S_{\infty} = [1;a_{1}(x), a_{2}(x), a_{3}(x), ... ], where $a_{i}(x) \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$, for $i \geq 1$. When the infinite product and the continued fraction are \emph{specialized} by letting $x$ take integral values, we get infinite classes of real numbers whose regular continued fraction ex…
Continued fractions and irrationality exponents for modified Engel and Pierce series
本文研究有理数与修正 Engel 或 Pierce 级数组合生成的超越数，利用二阶非线性递推确定其连分数展开，并给出无理性指数下界及可精确计算的无穷族。
We construct a class of quadratic irrationals having continued fractions of period $n\geq2$ with "small" partial quotients for which certain integer multiples have continued fractions of period $1$, $2$ or $4$ with "large" partial quotients. We then show that numbers in the period of the new continued fraction are simple functions of the numbers in the periods of the original continued fraction. We give generalizations of some of the continued fractions and show that polynomials arising from the generalizations are related to Chebyshev and Fibonacci polynomials. We then show that some of these…
Euler gave recipes for converting alternating series of two types, I and II, into equivalent continued fractions, i.e., ones whose convergents equal the partial sums. A condition we prove for irrationality of a continued fraction then allows easy proofs that $e,\sin1$, and the primorial constant are irrational. Our main result is that, if a series of type II is equivalent to a simple continued fraction, then the sum is transcendental and its irrationality measure exceeds $2$. We construct all $\aleph_0^{\aleph_0}=\mathfrak{c}$ such series and recover the transcendence of the Davison--Shallit a…
A Database of Continued Fractions of Polynomial Type
介绍含多项式系数的1883个连分数的数据库，超1600个是新的，用于有趣常数和超越函数，数据库在论文\TeX源中。
On new identities connecting Ramanujan-Göllnitz-Gordon continued fraction and Ramanujan's continued fraction of order four
本文利用q级数和theta函数理论，建立连接拉马努金-戈尔尼茨-戈登连续分数与四阶拉马努金连续分数的新恒等式，并利用拉马努金的_1ψ_1求和公式获得Lambert级数恒等式。
We give continued fraction expansions of the generating functions of Bernoulli numbers, Cauchy numbers, Euler numbers, harmonic numbers, and their generalized or related numbers. In particular, we focus on explicit forms of the convergents of these continued fraction expansions. Linear fractional transformations of such continued fractions are also discussed. We show more continued fraction expansion for different numbers and types, in particular, on Cauchy numbers.
Several conjectural continued fractions found with the help of various algorithms are published in this paper.
We prove that the formula giving the exact value of the irrationality exponent of regular continued fractions remains valid for semi-regular continued fractions satisfyiong certain conditions.
The classical continued fraction is generalized for studying the rational approximation problem on multi-formal Laurent series in this paper, the construction is called m-continued fraction. It is proved that the approximants of an m-continued fraction converge to a multi-formal Laurent series, and are best rational approximations to it; conversely for any multi-formal Laurent series an algorithm called m-CF transform is introduced to obtain its m-continued fraction expansions; moreover, strict m-continued fractions, which are m-continued fractions imposed with some additional conditions, and …
We show, for each $q$-continued fraction $G(q)$ in a certain class of continued fractions, that there is an uncountable set of points on the unit circle at which $G(q)$ diverges in the general sense. This class includes the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction and the three Ramanujan-Selberg continued fraction. We discuss the implications of our theorems for the general convergence of other $q$-continued fractions, for example the Göllnitz-Gordon continued fraction, on the unit circle.
In this paper, we investigate the monotone property of the continued fractions $G(m,λ)$ as a function of $m$ and $λ$. In particular, we obtain new inequality for the relative continued fractions.
Fundamental to the theory of continued fractions is the fact that every infinite continued fraction with positive integer coefficients converges; however, it is unknown precisely which continued fractions with integer coefficients (not necessarily positive) converge. Here we present a simple test that determines whether an integer continued fraction converges or diverges. In addition, for convergent continued fractions the test specifies whether the limit is rational or irrational. An attractive way to visualise integer continued fractions is to model them as paths on the Farey graph, which is…
Computing with Continued Logarithms
本文提出了一种在连分数表示下高效计算三角函数、指数函数和对数函数的算法，相较于传统连分数运算，该方法更简洁且适合硬件实现。
In this work we prove a criterion for an algebraic continued fraction to have a proper palindromic symmetry in dimension $4$. As a multidimensional generalization of continued fractions, we consider Klein polyhedra.
Corrections are brought to an article of Friesen on continued fractions of a given period.
Generalization of Ramanujan's Continued Fractions for Even Order
该研究借助拉马努金连分数恒等式推导偶数阶广义连分数，建立theta函数恒等式，以76阶连分数为例得到分拆理论恒等式等，推广了拉马努金连分数。
We study continued logarithms as introduced by Bill Gosper and studied by J. Borwein et. al.. After providing an overview of the type I and type II generalizations of binary continued logarithms introduced by Borwein et. al., we focus on a new generalization to an arbitrary integer base $b$. We show that all of our so-called type III continued logarithms converge and all rational numbers have finite type III continued logarithms. As with simple continued fractions, we show that the continued logarithm terms, for almost every real number, follow a specific distribution. We also generalize Khinc…
We state and prove three general formulas allowing to transform formal finite sums into formal continued fractions and apply them to generalize certain expansions in continued fractions given by Hone and Varona.
We prove an analog of Lagrange's Theorem for continued fractions on the Heisenberg group: points with an eventually periodic continued fraction expansion are those that satisfy a particular type of quadratic form, and vice-versa.
For $α_0 = \left[a_0, a_1, \ldots\right]$ an infinite continued fraction and $σ$ a linear fractional transformation, we study the continued fraction expansion of $σ(α_0)$ and its convergents. We provide the continued fraction expansion of $σ(α_0)$ for four general families of continued fractions and when $\left|\det σ\right| = 2$. We also find nonlinear recurrence relations among the convergents of $σ(α_0)$ which allow us to highlight relations between convergents of $α_0$ and $σ(α_0)$. Finally, we apply our results to some special and well-studied continued fractions, like Hurwitzian and Taso…
This work is devoted to the proof of the statement about the existence of palindromic continued fractions in an arbitrary dimension. In addition, it is proved the criterion that an algebraic continued fraction has proper cyclic palindromic symmetry in the case $n = 4$. Klein polyhedra are considered as a multidimensional generalization of continued fractions.
In this paper we prove in detail a criterion for an algebraic continued fraction to have a proper palindromic symmetry in dimension $4$. We also present a new proof of the criterion for an algebraic continued fraction to have a proper cyclic palindromic symmetry in dimension $4$. As a multidimensional generalization of continued fractions, we consider Klein polyhedra.
The study of combinatorial properties of mathematical objects is a very important research field and continued fractions have been deeply studied in this sense. However, multidimensional continued fractions, which are a generalization arising from an algorithm due to Jacobi, have been poorly investigated in this sense, up to now. In this paper, we propose a combinatorial interpretation of the convergents of multidimensional continued fractions in terms of counting some particular tilings, generalizing some results that hold for classical continued fractions.
Ramanujan recorded four reciprocity formulas for the Roger-Ramanujan continued fraction. Two reciprocity formulas each are also associated with the Ramanujan--Göllnitz--Gordon continued fraction and a level-13 analog of the Roger-Ramanujan continued fraction. We show that all eight reciprocity formulas are related to a pair of quadratic equations. The solution to the first equation generalizes the golden ratio and is used to set the value of a coefficient in the second equation; and the solution to the second equation gives a pair of values for a continued fraction. We relate the coefficients …
We give the first transcendence results for the Rosen continued fractions. Introduced over half a century ago, these fractions expand real numbers in terms of certain algebraic numbers.
In this paper we show how to apply various techniques and theorems (including Pincherle's theorem, an extension of Euler's formula equating infinite series and continued fractions, an extension of the corresponding transformation that equates infinite products and continued fractions, extensions and contractions of continued fractions and the Bauer-Muir transformation) to derive infinite families of in-equivalent polynomial continued fractions in which each continued fraction has the same limit. This allows us, for example, to construct infinite families of polynomial continued fractions for f…
Hurwitz (1887) defined a continued fraction algorithm for complex numbers which is better behaved in many respects than a more "natural" extension of the classical continued fraction algorithm to the complex plane would be. Although the Hurwitz complex continued fraction algorithm is not "reducible" to another complex continued fraction algorithm, over the reals the story is different. In this note we make clear the relation between the restriction of Hurwitz's algorithm to the real numbers and the classical continued fraction algorithm. As an application we reprove the main result of Choudhur…
This paper is devoted to a detailed exposition of geometry of continued fractions. We pay particular interest to the case of quadratic irrationalities and use the technique described to prove a criterion for the continued fraction of a quadratic surd to have a symmetric period.
Multidimensional continued fractions generalize classical continued fractions with the aim of providing periodic representations of algebraic irrationalities by means of integer sequences. However, there does not exist any algorithm that provides a periodic multidimensional continued fraction when algebraic irrationalities are given as inputs. In this paper, we provide a characterization for periodicity of Jacobi--Perron algorithm by means of linear recurrence sequences. In particular, we prove that partial quotients of a multidimensional continued fraction are periodic if and only if numerato…
Polynomial Continued Fractions for Algebraic Numbers
本文证明任何实三次代数数可展开为多项式系数的连分数，并提及若干推广。
We present a general introduction to continued fractions, with special consideration to the function fields case. These notes were prepared for a summer class given this year in Beijing at Beihang university.
We show how to obtain infinitely many continued fractions for certain Z-linear combinations of zeta and L values. The methods are completely elementary.
We give a concise introduction to the theory of continuants and show how Perron used them in his proof of Tietze theorem on the convergence of infinite semi-regular continued fractions, as well as for the study of the convergence of purely periodic continued fractions.
Continued fractions have been introduced in the field of $p$--adic numbers $\mathbb{Q}_p$ by several authors. However, a standard definition is still missing since all the proposed algorithms are not able to replicate all the properties of continued fractions in $\mathbb{R}$. In particular, an analogue of the Lagrange's Theorem is not yet proved for any attempt of generalizing continued fractions in $\mathbb{Q}_p$. Thus, it is worth to study the definition of new algorithms for $p$--adic continued fractions. The main condition that a new method needs to fulfill is the convergence in $\mathbb Q…
We will provide a family of continued fractions for which there is no correspondence between dynamic and approximation pairs, leading to an anomaly in their corresponding Spaces of Jager Pairs.
We study Ramanujan's cubic continued fraction and explicit evaluations of theta-functions
In a previous paper, we showed the existence of an uncountable set of points on the unit circle at which the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction does not converge to a finite value. In this present paper, we generalise this result to a wider class of $q$-continued fractions, a class which includes the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction and the three Ramanujan-Selberg continued fractions. We show, for each $q$-continued fraction, $G(q)$, in this class, that there is an uncountable set of points, $Y_{G}$, on the unit circle such that if $y \in Y_{G}$ then $G(y)$ does not converge to a finite va…
Some Identities of Ramanujan's q-Continued Fractions of Order Fourteen and Twenty-Eight, and Vanishing Coefficients
本文从Ramanujan的一般连分数恒等式推导出十四阶和二十八阶连分数，建立theta函数恒等式，并推导色分区恒等式及消失系数结果。
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