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arXiv 2210.03386physics.chem-ph
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单电子自相互作用误差及其与几何构型和高轨道占据的关系

One-electron self-interaction error and its relationship to geometry and higher orbital occupation

Dale R. Lonsdale, Lars Goerigk

摘要:

密度泛函理论(DFT)在计算化学和物理学中有着重要的应用,然而,由于自相互作用误差(SIE)引起的问题对获得定性正确的结果提出了额外的挑战。SIE是电子施加在自身上的一种非物理能量,它影响着大多数实际的DFT计算。我们进行了深入的分析,在单电子SIE中,我们复制简单的几何形状的离域效应。我们提出了一个简单的可视化这样的效果,这可能有助于在未来的定性分析的单电子SIE。通过增加线性排列的原子核的数量,SIE显著增加。我们还展示了分子形状如何影响SIE。二维和三维形状显示出更大的SIE,主要来自交换泛函,具有来自单电子误差的一些误差补偿,这是我们之前定义的[Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22,15805(2020)]。大多数测试的几何形状受到功能误差的影响,而有些则受到密度误差的影响。对于后者,我们建立了一个潜在的联系与电子被不等离域的DFT方法。我们还显示了如何SIE增加,如果电子占据更高的原子轨道,似乎单电子SIE免费的方法在地面不再SIE免费的激发态,这是一个重要的见解,一些流行的,非经验的DFA。我们的结论是,即使在最简单的几何形状中,SIE的不稳定行为也表明需要稳健的密度泛函近似。我们的测试系统可用作未来的基准或为DFT开发做出贡献。

英文摘要:

Density Functional Theory (DFT) sees prominent use in computational chemistry and physics, however, problems due to the self-interaction error (SIE) pose additional challenges to obtaining qualitatively correct results. An unphysical energy an electron exerts on itself, the SIE impacts most practical DFT calculations. We conduct an in-depth analysis of the one-electron SIE in which we replicate delocalization effects for simple geometries. We present a simple visualization of such effects, which may help in future qualitative analysis of the one-electron SIE. By increasing the number of nuclei in a linear arrangement, the SIE increases dramatically. We also show how molecular shape impacts the SIE. Two and three dimensional shapes show an even greater SIE stemming mainly from the exchange functional with some error compensation from the one-electron error, which we previously defined [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22, 15805 (2020)]. Most tested geometries are affected by the functional error, while some suffer from the density error. For the latter we establish a potential connection with electrons being unequally delocalized by the DFT methods. We also show how the the SIE increases if electrons occupy higher-lying atomic orbitals; seemingly one-electron SIE free methods in a ground are no longer SIE free in excited states, which is an important insight for some popular, non-empirical DFAs. We conclude that the erratic behavior of the SIE in even the simplest geometries shows that robust density functional approximations are needed. Our test systems can be used as a future benchmark or contribute towards DFT development.

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