arXiv 2210.030892022-10quant-phhep-lathep-phnucl-th

格点规范理论中动力学量子相变与纠缠层析成像的量子计算

Quantum computation of dynamical quantum phase transitions and entanglement tomography in a lattice gauge theory

Niklas Mueller, Joseph A. Carolan, Andrew Connelly, Zohreh Davoudi, Eugene F. Dumitrescu, Kübra Yeter-Aydeniz

备注：: published journal version, additional shot noise error analysis, error-mitigation discussion, references added

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AI总结：

利用囚禁离子量子计算机首次在格点规范理论（Schwinger模型）中实现了动力学量子相变的量子计算与纠缠层析成像，为用量子技术研究高能与核物理拓扑现象迈出第一步。

摘要：

远离平衡的强耦合规范理论可能展现出独特的特征，这些特征有助于阐明早期宇宙以及强子和离子对撞机的物理现象。使用经典模拟方法研究实时现象已被证明极具挑战性，但这却是量子模拟的天然应用。为展示这一前景，我们利用 IonQ Inc. 的囚禁离子量子计算机，量子计算了非等时关联函数，并对简单格点规范理论（即 Schwinger 模型）的非平衡态进行了纠缠层析成像。作为近期设备的理想目标，我们通过制备、淬火并追踪随后的非平衡动力学，以三种方式研究了该模型中近期预测的 [Zache et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 050403 (2019)] 动力学量子相变：i) 标志动力学相变的重叠回波；ii) 具有潜在拓扑性质的非等时关联函数；iii) 非平衡态的纠缠结构，包括纠缠哈密顿量。这些结果构成了在量子计算机上首次观测到格点规范理论中的动力学量子相变，也是利用量子技术研究核物理与高能物理中拓扑现象的第一步。

英文摘要：

Strongly-coupled gauge theories far from equilibrium may exhibit unique features that could illuminate the physics of the early universe and of hadron and ion colliders. Studying real-time phenomena has proven challenging with classical-simulation methods, but is a natural application of quantum simulation. To demonstrate this prospect, we quantum compute non-equal time correlation functions and perform entanglement tomography of non-equilibrium states of a simple lattice gauge theory, the Schwinger model, using a trapped-ion quantum computer by IonQ Inc. As an ideal target for near-term devices, a recently-predicted [Zache et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 050403 (2019)] dynamical quantum phase transition in this model is studied by preparing, quenching, and tracking the subsequent non-equilibrium dynamics in three ways: i) overlap echos signaling dynamical transitions, ii) non-equal time correlation functions with an underlying topological nature, and iii) the entanglement structure of non-equilibrium states, including entanglement Hamiltonians. These results constitute the first observation of a dynamical quantum phase transition in a lattice gauge theory on a quantum computer, and are a first step toward investigating topological phenomena in nuclear and high-energy physics using quantum technologies.

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