$^{229}$Th with a low-lying nuclear isomeric state is an essential candidate for a nuclear clock as well as many other applications. Laser excitation of the isomeric state has been a long-standing goal. With relativistic $^{229}$Th ions in storage rings, high-power lasers with wavelengths in the visible range or longer can be used to achieve high excitation rates of $^{229}$Th isomers. This can be realized through direct resonant excitation, or excitation via an intermediate nuclear or electronic state, facilitated by the tunability of both the laser-beam and ion-bunch parameters. Unique opportunities are offered by highly charged $^{229}$Th ions due to the nuclear-state mixing. The significantly reduced isomeric-state lifetime corresponds to a much higher excitation rate for direct resonant excitation. Importantly, we propose electric dipole transitions changing both the electronic and nuclear states that are opened by the nuclear hyperfine mixing. We suggest using them for efficient isomer excitation in Li-like $^{229}$Th ions, via stimulated Raman adiabatic passage or single-laser excitation. We also propose schemes for probing the isomers, utilizing nuclear radiative decay or laser spectroscopy on electronic transitions, through which the isomeric-state energy can be determined with an orders-of-magnitude higher precision than the current value. The schemes proposed here for $^{229}$Th could also be adapted to low-energy nuclear states in other nuclei, such as $^{229}$Pa.
Using different parameterizations of the nuclear mass formula, we study the sensitivity of the isoscaling parameters to the mass formula employed in grand-canonical calculations. Previous works on isoscaling have suggested that the symmetry energy implied in such calculations is anomalously smaller than that suggested by fits to nuclear masses. We show that surface corrections to the symmetry energy naturally broadens the isotopic distribution thus allowing for values of the symmetry energy which more closely match those obtained from nuclear masses.
Heavy-ion reactions induced by neutron-rich nuclei provide a unique means to investigate the equation of state of isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter, especially the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. In particular, recent analyses of the isospin diffusion data in heavy-ion reactions have already put a stringent constraint on the nuclear symmetry energy around the nuclear matter saturation density. We review this exciting result and discuss its implications on nuclear effective interactions and the neutron skin thickness of heavy nuclei. In addition, we also review the theoretica…
It is theoretically and experimentally argued that there may exist bubble or toroid-shaped configurations in some nucleus systems. Based on the nuclear transport model, it is shown that compared with the collision of normal nuclei, there is a depletion of central density of compression with bubble configurations in projectile and target nuclei. This depletion of central compression density may affect some observables in heavy-ion collisions.
In the last two and a half decades ion storage rings have proven to be powerful tools for precision experiments with unstable nuclides in realm of nuclear structure and astrophysics. There are presently three storage ring facilities in the world at which experiments with stored radioactive ions are possible. These are the ESR in GSI, Darmstadt/Germany, the CSRe in IMP, Lanzhou/China, and the R3 storage ring in RIKEN, Saitama/Japan. In this work, an introduction to the facilities is given. Selected characteristic experimental results and their impact in nuclear physics and astrophysics are pres…
High energy heavy-ion collisions are proposed as a novel means to constrain stringently the high density (HD) behaviour of nuclear symmetry energy. Within an isospin-dependent hadronic transport model, it is shown for the first time that the isospin asymmetry of the HD nuclear matter formed in high energy heavy-ion collisions is uniquely determined by the HD behaviour of nuclear symmetry energy. Experimental signatures in two sensitive probes, i.e., $π^-$ to $π^+$ ratio and neutron-proton differential collective flow, are also investigated.
The effect of initial correlations between nucleons on the nuclear break-up mechanism is studied. A quantum transport theory which extends standard mean-field approach is developed to incorporate short range pairing correlation as well as direct nucleon-nucleon collisions. A time evolution of the nuclear break-up from a correlated system leading to the emission of two particles to the continuum is performed. We show that initial correlations have strong influence on relative angles between particles emitted in coincidence. The present qualitative study indicates that nuclear break-up might be …
In the framework of the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, nuclear bubble configuration in the hypothetical $^{48}$Si nucleus is studied by proton induced central reaction at an incident beam energy of 0.8 GeV/nucleon. It is found that along the beam direction more energetic protons are emitted with bubble configuration in the target. In the forward angles, compared with the case without bubble configuration, less scattered energetic protons are emitted with bubble configuration in the target. We thus provide a new way to probe the bubble configuration in nuclei.
We argue that hadron production in coherent diffraction of proton on a heavy nucleus provides a very sensitive probe of the low-x QCD dynamics. This process probes the BFKL dynamics in proton and the non-linear gluon evolution in nucleus. We calculate the diffractive hadron production cross sections in the RHIC and LHC kinematic regions. To study the nuclear effects we introduce the diffractive nuclear modification factor. We show that unlike the nuclear modification factor for inclusive hadron production that has a very interesting dynamics at RHIC but is expected to be almost completely satu…
Within the framework of pQCD, we systematically study the $W^{\pm}/Z^0$ boson production as a probe of cold nuclear matter effects and nuclear parton distributions in p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC and future colliders. A detailed analysis at partonic level is performed. Moreover, with a semi-microscopic KP model of NPDFs, in which several nuclear effects (e.g. Fermi motion and nuclear binding, the off-shell correction, the nuclear coherent correction, and the nuclear meson correction) are included, we study the vector boson rapidity distribution in p+Pb collisions at the LHC, and a very…
An attractive, energy-dependent mean-field potential for baryons is introduced in order to generate a soft region in the nuclear equation-of-state, as suggested by recent lattice QCD calculations of baryon free matter at finite temperature. Based on a hadronic transport model, we find that although this equation-of-state has negligible effects on the inclusive hadronic spectra, it leads to a minimum in the energy dependence of the transverse collective flow and a delayed expansion of the compressed matter. In particular, the transverse flow changes its direction as the colliding system passes …
We general relativistically calculate the frequency of fundamental torsional oscillations of neutron star crusts, where we focus on the crystalline properties obtained from macroscopic nuclear models in a way depending on the equation of state of nuclear matter. We find that the calculated frequency is sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy, but almost independent of the incompressibility of symmetric nuclear matter. By identifying the lowest-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation in giant flares observed from soft gamma-ray repeaters as the fundamental torsional mode and all…
Significant progress has been made in recent years in constraining nuclear symmetry energy at and below the saturation density of nuclear matter using data from both terrestrial nuclear experiments and astrophysical observations. However, many interesting questions remain to be studied especially at supra-saturation densities. In this lecture note, after a brief summary of the currently available constraints on nuclear symmetry energy near the saturation density we first discuss the relationship between the symmetry energy and the isopin and momentum dependence of the single-nucleon potential …
Central collisions induced by high energy radioactive beams can be used as a novel means to obtain crucial information about the high density ({\rm HD}) behaviour of nuclear symmetry energy. This information is critical for understanding several key issues in astrophysics. Within an isospin-dependent hadronic transport model using phenomenological equations of state ({\rm EOS}) for dense neutron-rich matter, we investigate several experimental probes of the HD behavior of nuclear symmetry energy, such as, the $π^-$ to $π^+$ ratio, neutron-proton differential flow and its excitation function. M…
Nuclear reactions induced by high energy radioactive beams create a transient state of nuclear matter with high density and appreciable neutron to proton asymmetry. This will provide a unique opportunity to explore novel properties of dense neutron-rich matter and the isospin-dependence of the nuclear equation of state (EOS). Here we study the $π^-/π^+$ ratio as a probe of the EOS of dense neutron-rich matter.
With the recent high statistics Au+Au and Cu+Cu runs at RHIC, it has become possible to systematically study jet properties in several different colliding systems with potentially different final state interactions. In this talk we present results from high-pT di-hadron and gamma-hadron correlations from p+p, d+Au, Cu+Cu, and Au+Au collisions where jets in vacuum, cold nuclear matter, and hot, dense nuclear matter are studied.
We propose a new method to determine the spatially or impact-parameter dependent nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) using the double parton scattering (DPS) processes in high-energy heavy-ion (proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus) collisions. We derive a simple generic DPS formula in nuclear collisions by accommodating both the nuclear collision geometry and the spatially dependent nuclear modification effect, under the assumption that the impact-parameter dependence of nPDFs is only related to the nuclear thickness function. While the geometric effect is widely adopted, the impact of…
Probing Ultralight Dark Matter at the Mega-Planck Scale with the Thorium Nuclear Clock
University of Delaware（特拉华大学）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构）；JILA, NIST and University of Colorado（JILA、美国国家标准与技术研究院和科罗拉多大学）；University of Colorado（科罗拉多大学）；Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步辐射研究所）；Leibniz Universität Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）；Weizmann Institute of Science（魏茨曼科学研究所）；Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt（德国物理技术联邦研究院）
The hot and dense medium created at RHIC, called Quark and Gluon Plasma (QGP) has been a hot topic in the last ten years. Due to the high multiplicities in such heavy-ion collision events, particle correlations using either trigger particles, or fully-reconstructed jets, become not only useful but necessary, in addition to the single particle observables. In this paper the most recent work studying this medium will be shown, including both on bulk properties and tagged events.
Based on the relativistic transport model ART with the hadronic equation of state extended to have a phase transition via the use of the MIT bag model, properties of phase transition of dense nuclear matter formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are investigated. Proton sideward and directed flows are calculated with different equation of states in Au + Au collisions at beam energies of 2, 4, 6 and 8 GeV/nucleon. Compared with AGS experimental data in existence, the boundary of first-order phase transition is roughly confined, i.e., in the range of 2.5-4 times saturation density with temp…
The idea that the nuclear matter may posses long range topological order is supported by the theory and the lattice calculations. At high temperature this order is instrumental in producing anomalous phenomena such as the Chiral Magnetic Effect. In the cold nuclear matter it affects the gluon distribution in the nuclear wave function at low $x$. The effect of the topological order is encapsulated in the unintegrated gluon distribution functions which are proportional, at the leading order, to the square of the gluon propagator at finite topological charge density. It is argued that the Electro…
Kinematic imbalance of the final-state particles in the plane transverse to the neutrino direction provides a sensitive probe of nuclear effects. In this contribution, we report the MINERvA measurement of the single-transverse kinematic imbalance in neutrino charged-current quasielastic-like events on CH targets. To improve the momentum measurements of the final-state particles, we develop a method to select elastically scattering contained (ESC) protons and a general procedure to correct the transverse momentum scales.
Around the nuclear Fermi momentum, there is a transition of nucleon momentum distribution n(k) in nuclear matter, i.e., from a constant to the $1/k^{4}$ nucleon momentum distribution. While nowadays the transition momentum of minority in asymmetric matter is rarely studied and thus undetermined. In the framework of the IBUU transport model, proton transition momentum in nuclei is first studied. It is found that the transition momentum of proton is sensitive to the $π^{-}/π^{+}$ ratio as well as the energetic photon production in neutron-rich nuclear reaction. This result may push the study of …
In relativistic nuclear collisions some of the important aspects to be addressed are the effects of the nuclear PDF and the gluon saturation. In the LHC the best way to address these questions is by means of pA collisions and in particular through the measurement of direct photon production in the forward direction. In order to achieve this measurement a new forward calorimeter (FoCal) is proposed as an upgrade to the ALICE experiment. The proposed detector will cover the range 3.5 < $η$ < 5, probing the gluon distributions at x$\sim$10$^{-5}$ and Q$\sim p_{\rm T}$ > 4 GeV. We will discuss per…
The neutron-rich 6He and 8He isotopes exhibit an exotic nuclear structure that consists of a tightly bound 4He-like core with additional neutrons orbiting at a relatively large distance, forming a halo. Recent experimental efforts have succeeded in laser trapping and cooling these short-lived, rare helium atoms, and have measured the atomic isotope shifts along the 4He-6He-8He chain by performing laser spectroscopy on individual trapped atoms. Meanwhile, the few-electron atomic structure theory, including relativistic and QED corrections, has reached a comparable degree of accuracy in the calc…
$^{96}_{44}$Ru+$^{96}_{44}$Ru and $^{96}_{40}$Zr+$^{96}_{40}$Zr collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=200$ GeV provide unique opportunities to study the geometry and fluctuations raised from the deformation of the colliding nuclei. Using iEBE-VISHNU hybrid model, we predict ${\rm ac}_{2}\{3\}$ ratios between these two collision systems and demonstrate that the ratios of ${\rm ac}_{2}\{3\}$, as well as the ratios of the involving flow harmonics and event-plane correlations, are sensitive to quadrupole and octupole deformations, which could provide strong constrains on the shape differences betwee…
Most of the plutonium in the world resides inside spent nuclear reactor fuel rods. This high-level radioactive waste is commonly held in long-term storage within large, heavily shielded casks. Currently, international nuclear safeguards inspectors have no stand-alone method of verifying the amount of reactor fuel stored within a sealed cask. Here we demonstrate experimentally that measurements of the scattering angles of cosmic ray muons which pass through a storage cask can be used to determine if spent fuel assemblies are missing without opening the cask. This application of technology and m…
We present a study of the nuclear-medium induced transverse momentum broadening of particle production in future electron-ion-collision~(EIC) experiments. By considering the multiple scattering between hard partons and cold nuclear medium within the higher-twist factorization framework in perturbative QCD, we calculate the transverse momentum broadening of single hadron production in semi-inclusive measurements, as well as the nuclear enhancement of the transverse momentum imbalance for di-hadron and heavy-meson pair productions. In particular, a kinematics dependent non-perturbative jet trans…
Hard-photon (E$_γ>$ 30 MeV) emission from second-chance nucleon-nucleon Bremsstrahlung collisions in intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions is studied employing a realistic thermal model. Photon spectra and yields measured in several nucleus-nucleus reactions are consistent with an emission from hot nuclear systems with temperatures $T\approx$ 4 - 7 MeV. The corresponding caloric curve in the region of excitation energies $ε^\star\approx$ 3{\it A} - 8{\it A} MeV shows lower values of $T$ than those expected for a Fermi fluid.
We propose to measure azimuthal correlations of heavy-flavor hadrons to address the status of thermalization at the partonic stage of light quarks and gluons in high-energy nuclear collisions. In particular, we show that hadronic interactions at the late stage cannot significantly disturb the initial back-to-back azimuthal correlations of DDbar pairs. Thus, a decrease or the complete absence of these initial correlations does indicate frequent interactions of heavy-flavor quarks and also light partons in the partonic stage, which are essential for the early thermalization of light partons.
The single-particle potentials for nucleons and hyperons in neutron-rich matter generally depends on the density and isospin asymmetry of the medium as well as the momentum and isospin of the particle. It further depends on the temperature of the matter if the latter is in thermal equilibrium. We review here the extension of a Gogny-type isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction in several aspects made in recent years and their applications in studying intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions, thermal properties of asymmetric nuclear matter and properties of neutron stars. The importance of …
Half-life estimates for neutrinoless double beta decay depend on particle physics models for lepton flavor violation, as well as on nuclear physics models for the structure and transitions of candidate nuclei. Different models considered in the literature can be contrasted - via prospective data - with a "standard" scenario characterized by light Majorana neutrino exchange and by the quasiparticle random phase approximation, for which the theoretical covariance matrix has been recently estimated. We show that, assuming future half-life data in four promising nuclei (Ge-76, Se-82, Te-130, and X…
A compact approach based on the folding model is suggested for the determination of the isoscalar and isovector transition strengths of the low-lying ($ΔS=ΔT=0$) excitations induced by inelastic proton scattering measured with exotic beams. Our analysis of the recently measured inelastic $^{18,20}$O+p scattering data at $E_{\rm lab}=30$ and 43 MeV/nucleon has given for the first time an accurate estimate of the isoscalar $β_0$ and isovector $β_1$ deformation parameters (which cannot be determined from the (p,p') data alone by standard methods) for 2$^+_1$ and $3^-_1$ excited states in $^{18,20…
Large-angle elastic scattering of alpha-particle and strongly-bound light nuclei at a few tens MeV/nucleon has shown the pattern of rainbow scattering. This interesting process was shown to involve a significant overlap of the two colliding nuclei, with the total nuclear density well above the saturation density of normal nuclear matter (NM). For a microscopic calculation of the nucleus-nucleus potential within the folding model, we have developed a density dependent nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction based on the G-matrix interaction M3Y. Our folding analysis of the refractive 4He, 12C, and 16O…
In the last two decades a number of nuclear structure and astrophysics experiments were performed at heavy-ion storage rings employing unique experimental conditions offered by such machines. Furthermore, building on the experience gained at the two facilities presently in operation, several new storage ring projects were launched worldwide. This contribution is intended to provide a brief review of the fast growing field of nuclear structure and astrophysics research at storage rings.
We present the results of the analysis of the hard photon production in the $^{129}${Xe}+$^{\rm nat}${Sn} at 50{\it A} MeV system studied in the GANIL E300 experiment. The energy and angular hard photon distributions confirm the existence of a thermal component which follows the recently measured thermal bremsstrahlung systematics. Exploiting the performances of our complete detection system, consisting of TAPS and 3 charged particle multidetectors, we have also measured the hard photon multiplicity as a function of the charged particle multiplicity.
Probing the electroweak structure of nuclei with rare atoms and molecules
Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；TRIUMF（特利昂夫）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Weizmann Institute of Science（魏茨曼科学研究所）
Within a transport model we search for potential probes of the isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon (NN) cross sections. Traditional measures of the nuclear stopping power are found sensitive to the magnitude but they are ambiguous for determining the isospin dependence of the in-medium NN cross sections. It is shown that isospin tracers, such as the neutron/proton ratio of free nucleons, at backward rapidities/angles in nuclear reactions induced by radioactive beams in inverse kinematics is a sensitive probe of the isospin dependence of the in-medium NN cross sections. At forwa…
Nuclear reactions induced by stable and/or radioactive neutron-rich nuclei provide the opportunity to pin down the equation of state of neutron-rich matter, especially the density ($ρ$) dependence of its isospin-dependent part, i.e., the nuclear symmetry energy $E_{\rm sym}$. A conservative constraint, $32(ρ/ρ_{0})^{0.7} < E_{\rm sym}(ρ) < 32(ρ/ρ_{0})^{1.1}$, around the nuclear matter saturation density $ρ_0$ has recently been obtained from the isospin diffusion data in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions. We review this exciting result and discuss its consequences and implications on nuc…
In heavy ion collisions, elliptic flow $v_2$ and radial flow, characterized by event-wise average transverse momentum $[p_{\mathrm{T}}]$, are related to the shape and size of the overlap region, which are sensitive to the shape of colliding atomic nuclei. The Pearson correlation coefficient between $v_2$ and $[p_{\mathrm{T}}]$, $ρ_2$, was found to be particularly sensitive to the quadrupole deformation parameter $β$ that is traditionally measured in low energy experiments. Built on earlier insight that the prolate deformation $β>0$ reduces the $ρ_2$ in ultra-central collisions (UCC), we show t…
Fully reconstructed jets and direct photon-tagged jet fragments significantly reduce energy-loss bias, the bias toward mostly measuring particles from partons which suffer little energy loss. In d+Au collisions, one accesses the physics at large $x$, which yields important constraints for nuclear parton distribution functions. In both d+Au and A+A collisions, coherent multiple-scattering models of energy loss can be tested. In this contribution, we present the current results from the PHENIX experiment on fully reconstructed jets and direct $γ$-hadron correlations. Baseline measurements of jet…
Probing Nuclear Structure with Kaonic Atoms through E2 Resonance Mixing
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN（弗拉斯卡蒂国家实验室）；University of Palermo（巴勒莫大学）；University of Zagreb（萨格勒布大学）；Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学）；Jagiellonian University（雅盖隆大学）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；Tohoku University（东北大学）
There is a major need to better constrain nuclear parton densities in order to provide reliable perturbative QCD predictions at the LHC as well as to probe possible non-linear evolution at small values of x. In these proceedings, we discuss how the production of prompt photons at large rapidity in p-p and d-Au collisions at RHIC (sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV) is sensitive to the nuclear modifications of gluon distributions at x~0.001 and at rather low scales, Q^2~10 GeV^2. The nuclear production ratio, R_dAu=sigma(d+A->gamma+X)/(2A sigma(p+p->gamma X), is computed for isolated prompt photons at NLO usin…
Hard-photon (E$_γ >$ 30 MeV) emission issuing from proton-neutron bremsstrahlung collisions is investigated in four different heavy-ion reactions at intermediate bombarding energies ($^{36}$Ar+$^{197}$Au, $^{107}$Ag, $^{58}$Ni, $^{12}$C at 60{\it A} MeV) coupling the TAPS photon spectrometer with two charged-particle multidetectors covering more than 80% of the solid angle. The hard-photon spectra of the three heavier targets result from the combination of two distinct exponential distributions with different slope parameters, a result which deviates from the behaviour expected for hard-photon…
In this Letter, we report on alpha particle emission through the nuclear break-up in the reaction 40Ca on a 40Ca target at 50A MeV. It is observed that, similarly to nucleons, alpha particles can be emitted to the continuum with very specific angular distribution during the reaction. The alpha particle properties can be understood as resulting from an alpha cluster in the daughter nucleus that is perturbed by the short range nuclear attraction of the collision partner and emitted. A time-dependent theory that describe the alpha particle wave-function evolution is able to reproduce qualitativel…
Nuclear collective motion provides valuable constraint on the size of neutron-skin thickness and the properties of nuclear matter symmetry energy. By employing relativistic nuclear energy density functional (RNEDF) and covariance analysis related to $χ^2$ fitting of the model parameters, relevant observables are identified for dipole excitations, which strongly correlate with the neutron-skin thickness $(r_{np})$, symmetry energy at saturation density $(J)$ and slope of the symmetry energy $(L)$. Using the RNEDF framework and experimental data on pygmy dipole strength ($^{68}$Ni, $^{132}$Sn, $…
We introduce a novel approach based on elastic and inelastic scattering rates to extract the hyper-surface of the chemical freeze-out from a hadronic transport model in the energy range from E$_\mathrm{lab}=1.23$ AGeV to $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=62.4$ GeV. For this study, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model combined with a coarse-graining method is employed. The chemical freeze-out distribution is reconstructed from the pions through several decay and re-formation chains involving resonances and taking into account inelastic, pseudo-elastic and string excitation reacti…
The nuclear symmetry energy, especially at suprasaturation densities, plays crucial roles in many astrophysical studies. However, nowadays the high-density behavior of the symmetry energy is still very controversial in nuclear community. To constrain the high-density behavior of the symmetry energy, neutron-rich nuclei collisions at medium energies are considered to be one of the most effective methods. While probing the high-density symmetry energy by using heavy-ion collisions, blind spots may exist. In the framework of the Isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) transport model…
We investigate dijet production from proton-nucleus collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as a means for observing superfast quarks in nuclei with Bjorken $x>1$. Kinematically, superfast quarks can be identified through directly measurable jet kinematics. Dynamically, their description requires understanding several elusive properties of nuclear QCD, such as nuclear forces at very short distances, as well as medium modification of parton distributions in nuclei. In the present work, we develop a model for nuclear parton distributions at large $x$ in which the nuclear dynamics at short …
Inclusive cross sections $σ^A=Ed^3{σ(X,P_t^2)/d^3p}$ of antiproton and negative pion production on Be, Al, Cu and Ta targets hit by 10 GeV protons were measured at the laboratory angles of 10.5$^{\circ}$ and 59$^{\circ}$. Antiproton cross sections were obtained in both kinematically allowed and kinematically forbidden regions for antiproton production on a free nucleon. The antiproton cross section ratio as a function of the longitudinal variable $X$ exhibits three separate plateaus which gives evidence for the existence of compact baryon configurations in nuclei-small-distance scaled objects …
Probing the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy through isospin transport in heavy-ion reactions
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre（可变能量回旋加速器中心）；Homi Bhabha National Institute（霍米·巴巴国立研究所）；Université de Caen Normandie（诺曼底卡昂大学）；ENSICAEN（恩西曹昂高等师范学院）；CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen（法国国家科学研究中心/法国原子能和替代能源委员会，卡昂低能物理实验室）；Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)（法兰西学院）；Grand Accelerateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL)（重离子大加速器（GANIL））；CEA/DRF - CNRS/IN2P3（法国原子能和替代能源委员会/法国国家科学研究中心-法国原子能和替代能源委员会）
Recent beam energy scan (BES) experiments at RHIC by the STAR Collaboration (PLB {\bf 827},137003 (2022) and PRL {\bf 128}, 202303 (2022)) found that hadronic interactions dominate the collective flow and the proton cumulant ratios are driven by baryon number conservation in a region of high baryon density in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au reactions, indicating the dense medium formed in such collisions is likely hadronic matter. Within an updated ART (A Relativistic Transport) model with momentum dependent isoscalar and isovector single-nucleon mean-field potentials corresponding to different …
