Investigation of the Relationship between Geomagnetic Activity and Solar Wind Parameters Based on A Novel Neural Network (Potential Learning)
Ryozo Kitajima, Motoharu Nowada, Ryotaro Kamimura
备注：
This PDF is including the manuscript with 18 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, and 1 graphical abstract. This paper has submitted to Earth, Planets and Space (EPS) and is under review. Also this paper has two corresponding authors: Ryozo Kitajima, and Motoharu Nowada. These two authors equally contribute to completing this paper
Predicting geomagnetic conditions based on in-situ solar wind observations allows us to evade disasters caused by large electromagnetic disturbances originating from the Sun to save lives and protect economic activity. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the Kp index, representing global magnetospheric activity level, and solar wind conditions using an interpretable neural network known as potential learning (PL). Data analyses based on neural networks are difficult to interpret; however, PL learns by focusing on the "potentiality of input neurons" and can identify which inputs are significantly utilized by the network. Using the full advantage of PL, we extracted the influential solar wind parameters that disturb the magnetosphere under southward Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. The input parameters of PL were the three components of the IMF (Bx, By, -Bz(Bs)), solar wind flow speed (Vx), and proton number density (Np) in geocentric solar ecliptic (GSE) coordinates obtained from the OMNI solar wind database between 1998 and 2019. Furthermore, we classified these input parameters into two groups (targets), depending on the Kp level: Kp = 6- to 9 (positive target) and Kp = 0 to 1+ (negative target). Negative target samples were randomly selected to ensure that numbers of positive and negative targets were equal. The PL results revealed that solar wind flow speed is an influential parameter for increasing Kp under southward IMF conditions, which was in good agreement with previous reports on the statistical relationship between the Kp index and solar wind velocity, and the Kp formulation based on the IMF and solar wind plasma parameters. Based on this new neural network, we aim to construct a more correct and parameter-dependent space weather forecasting model.
The average geomagnetic activity during sunspot minimum has been continuously decreasing in the last four cycles. The geomagnetic activity is caused by both interplanetary disturbances - coronal mass ejections and high speed solar wind streams, and the background solar wind over which these disturbances ride. We show that the geomagnetic activity in cycle minimum does not depend on the number and parameters of coronal mass ejections or high speed solar wind streams, but on the background solar wind. The background solar wind has two components: slower and faster. The source of the slower compo…
The induction of electric currents in electric power distribution networks is a well-known effect of Earth-directed eruptive events. Inspired by recent studies showing that the rate of power-grid anomalies may increase after exposure to strong geomagnetically induced currents in mid-latitude countries in the middle of Europe, we decided to investigate such effects for Slovak electric-power distribution grid managed by the Slovak Electricity Transmission System (SEPS). We obtained a list of disturbances recorded in the maintenance logs by the SEPS company technicians with their dates and other …
We use the principal component analysis (PCA) to study geomagnetic activity at annual resolution using a network of 26 magnetic stations in 1966-2015, and an extended network of 40 stations in 1980-2015. The first principal component (PC1) describes the long-term evolution of global geomagnetic activity, and has an excellent correlation with indices like the Kp/Ap index. The two networks give identical results for PC1. The second principal component (PC2) is highly correlated with the annual percentage of high-speed streams (HSS). The extended network has a slightly higher sensitivity to HSSs.…
Geomagnetic activity in each phase of the solar cycle consists of 3 parts: (1) a floor below which the geomagnetic activity cannot fall even in the absence of sunspots, related to moderate graduate commencement storms; (2) sunspot-related activity due to sudden commencement storms caused by coronal mass ejections; (3) graduate commencement storms due to high speed solar wind from solar coronal holes. We find that the changes in the floor depend on the global magnetic moment of the Sun, and on the other side, from the height of the floor we can judge about the amplitude of the sunspot cycle.
The interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field produces geomagnetic activity, which is critically dependent on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Most solar wind coupling functions quantify this dependence on the IMF orientation with the so-called IMF clock angle in a way, which is symmetric with respect to the sign of the $B_y$ component. However, recent studies have suggested that the sign of $B_y$ is an additional, independent driver of high-latitude geomagnetic activity, leading to higher (weaker) geomagnetic activity in Northern Hemisphere (NH) …
Statistical analysis of the data series from 1856 to 2000 for the annual global and hemispheric surface air temperature anomalies is completed. Statistically significant correlations are found between global and hemispheric temperature anomalies and solar and geomagnetic indices. The temperature anomalies in the Northern and Southern hemispheres show similar statistical relations with the solar and geomagnetic indices. The cross-correlation analysis shows no statistically significant global temperature lag behind the sunspots as well as behind aa-indices. The correlation between the temperatur…
A geomagnetic storm is the result of sustained interaction between solar wind with a southward magnetic field and the magnetosphere. To investigate the influence of various solar wind parameters on the intensity of major geomagnetic storm, 67 major geomagnetic storms that occurred between 1998 and 2006 were used to calculate the correlation coefficients (CCs) between the intensities of major geomagnetic storms and the time integrals of southward interplanetary magnetic field $B_s$, solar wind electric field ($E_y$) and injection function (Q) during the main phase of the associated geomagnetic …
Local scaling and singularity properties of solar wind and geomagnetic time series were analysed using Hölder exponents $α$. It was shown that in analysed cases due to multifractality of fluctuations $α$ changes from point to point. We argued there exists a peculiar interplay between regularity / irregularity and amplitude characteristics of fluctuations which could be exploited for improvement of predictions of geomagnetic activity. To this end layered backpropagation artificial neural network model with feedback connection was used for the study of the solar wind - magnetosphere coupling and…
We use $Δ$SYM-H to capture the variation in the SYM-H index during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm. We define great geomagnetic storms as those with $Δ$SYM-H $\le$ -200 nT. After analyzing the data that were not obscured by solar winds, we determined that 11 such storms occurred during solar cycle 23. We calculated time integrals for the southward interplanetary magnetic field component I(B$_s$), the solar wind electric field I(E$_y$), and a combination of E$_y$ and the solar wind dynamic pressure I(Q) during the main phase of a great geomagnetic storm. The strength of the correlation co…
Eruptive events on the Sun have an impact on the immediate surroundings of the Earth. Through induction of electric currents, they also affect Earth-bound structures such as the electric power transmission networks. Inspired by recent studies we investigate the correlation between the disturbances recorded in 12 years in the maintenance logs of the Czech electric-power distributors with the geomagnetic activity represented by the K index. We find that in case of the datasets recording the disturbances on power lines at the high and very high voltage levels and disturbances on electrical substa…
On the basis of morphological analysis of yearly values of the maximum CME (coronal mass ejection) speed index, the sunspot number and total sunspot area, sunspot magnetic field, and solar flare index, the solar wind speed and interplanetary magnetic field strength, and the geomagnetic Ap and Dst indices, we point out the particularities of solar and geomagnetic activity during the last cycle 23, the long minimum which followed it and the ascending branch of cycle 24. We also analyze temporal offset between the maximum CME speed index and the above-mentioned solar, geomagnetic, and interplanet…
The paper describes the occurrence of a pair of oppositely directed sudden impulses (SI), in the geomagnetic field ($Δ$X), at ground stations, called SI${^{+}}$ -- SI${^{-}}$ pairs, that occurred between 1835 UT and 2300 UT on 23 April 1998. The SI${^{+}}$ -- SI${^{-}}$ pair, was closely correlated with corresponding variations in the solar wind density, while solar wind velocity and the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz) did not show any correspondence. Further, this event had no source on the visible solar disk. However, a rear-side partial halo coronal mass ejecti…
Long-term geomagnetic activity presented by the aa index has been used to show that the heliospheric magnetic field has more than doubled during the last 100 years. However, serious concern has been raised on the long-term consistency of the aa index and on the centennial rise of the solar magnetic field. Here we reanalyze geomagnetic activity during the last 100 years by calculating the recently suggested IHV (Inter-Hour Variability) index as a measure of local geomagnetic activity for seven stations. We find that local geomagnetic activity at all stations follows the same qualitative long-te…
We investigate the possibility that sufficiently large electric fields and/or ionization during geomagnetic disturbed conditions may invalidate the assumptions applied in the retrieval of neutral horizontal winds from meteor and/or lidar measurements. As per our knowledge, the possible errors in the wind estimation have never been reported. In the present case study, we have been using co-located meteor radar and sodium resonance lidar zonal wind measurements over Andenes (69.27$^{\circ}$N, 16.04$^{\circ}$E) during intense substorms in the declining phase of the January 2005 solar proton event…
It is known that the magnetic field of the Earth's closed magnetosphere can be highly displaced from the quiet-day configuration when interacting with the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), an asymmetry largely controlled by the dawn-dusk component of the IMF. The corresponding ionospheric convection has revealed that footprints in one hemisphere tend to move faster to reduce the displacement, a process we refer to as the restoring of symmetry. Although the influence on the return flow convection from the process of restoring symmetry has been shown to be strongly controlled by the IMF, the …
Real-time prediction of two geomagnetic storms using Solar Orbiter as a far upstream solar wind monitor
Austrian Space Weather Office, GeoSphere Austria（奥地利空间天气办公室，GeoSphere奥地利）；Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London（布莱克特实验室，伦敦帝国理工学院）；Institute of Physics, University of Graz（格拉茨大学物理研究所）
We study scaling in fluctuations of the geomagnetic indices (AE, AU, and AL) that provide a measure of magnetospheric activity and of the epsilon parameter which is a measure of the solar wind driver. Generalized structure function (GSF) analysis shows that fluctuations exhibit self-similar scaling up to about 1 hour for the AU index and about 2 hours for AL, AE and epsilon when the most extreme fluctuations over 10 standard deviations are excluded. The scaling exponents of the GSF are found to be similar for the three AE indices, and to differ significantly from that of epsilon. This is corro…
This paper brings space weather prediction close to earthquake (EQ) prediction research. The results of this paper support conclusions of previously presented statistical studies that solar activity influences the seismic activity, this influence is mediated through rapid geomagnetic disturbances and the geomagnetic disturbances are related with increases of solar wind speed. Our study concern an example of 40 days with direct response of a series of 7 strong-to-giant (M=6.8-9.3) EQs (including the Andaman-Sumatra EQ) to solar wind speed increases and subsequent geomagnetic fast disturbances. …
Our environment includes many factors, and each person on the Earth is permanently influenced by two of them: weather and magnetic field. It was found in the works of many investigators that the weather changes correlate with human health state. In the same time, disturbances of geomagnetic field (as one of the space weather manifestations) may influence bioobjects, including people. In this work we demonstrate the cumulative effect of different external factors (space weather and meteorological weather parameters) on human health on the base of medical experimental data (blood pressure and he…
This study examines the impact that solar activity has on model results during geomagnetic quiet time for the ionosphere/thermosphere models: the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics Model (CTIPe) and the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM). Using varying F10.7 flux values as a measurement of solar activity, the models were run over a two-day period with the constant parameters Kp= 2, n= 3 cm^3, and v= 400 km/s. Four F10.7 values (70, 110, 150, and 190) were selected based off of the average F10.7 values for geomagnetic quiet days…
Forecasting geomagnetic storms is highly important for many space weather applications. In this study we review performance of the geomagnetic storm forecasting service StormFocus during 2011--2016. The service was implemented in 2011 at SpaceWeather.Ru and predicts the expected strength of geomagnetic storms as measured by $Dst$ index several hours ahead. The forecast is based on L1 solar wind and IMF measurements and is updated every hour. The solar maximum of cycle 24 is weak, so most of the statistics are on rather moderate storms. We verify quality of selection criteria, as well as reliab…
Conditions in the solar wind resulting in magnetic storms on the Earth are a subject of long and intensive investigations. Recently Zhang et al. (2006), published a paper, where they used superposed epoch analyses method to study solar wind features during 549 geomagnetic storms. Unfortunately, the used methodical approach has not allowed to improve essentially understanding of relation of magnetic storms with conditions in the solar wind, and first of all for the following reasons: (1) they did not take into account of existance of storms generated by different types of solar wind, and (2) th…
Interplanetary (IP) shock plays a key role in causing the global dynamic changes of the geospace environment. For the perspective of Solar-Terrestrial relationship, it will be of great importance to estimate the properties of post-shock solar wind simply and accurately. Motivated by this, we performed a statistical analysis of IP shocks during 1998-2008, focusing on the significantly different responses of two well-used geomagnetic indices (SYMH and AL) to the passive of two types of IP shocks. For the IP shocks with northward IMF (91 cases), the SYMH index keeps on the high level after the su…
Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) can reach the Earth's magnetosphere causing magnetic disturbances. It can be measured by satellite and ground-based magnetometers. Data from the ACE satellite and from the geomagnetic field was explored here via discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The increase of wavelet coefficient amplitudes of the solar wind parameters and geomagnetic field data analysis are well-correlated with the arrival of the shock and sheath region. As an auxiliary tool to verify the disturbed magnetic fields identified by the DWT, we developed a new approach called effectiv…
Geomagnetic activity is often described using summary indices to summarize the likelihood of space weather impacts, as well as when parameterizing space weather models. The geomagnetic index $\text{K}_\text{p}$ in particular, is widely used for these purposes. Current state-of-the-art forecast models provide deterministic $\text{K}_\text{p}$ predictions using a variety of methods -- including empirically-derived functions, physics-based models, and neural networks -- but do not provide uncertainty estimates associated with the forecast. This paper provides a sample methodology to generate a 3-…
The evolution of magnetospheric indices on temporal scales shorter than that of substorms is characterized by bursty, intermittent events that may arise from turbulence intrinsic to the magnetosphere or may reflect solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. This leads to a generic problem of distinguishing between the features of the system and those of the driver. We quantify scaling properties of short term (up to few hours) fluctuations in the geomagnetic indices AL and AU during solar minimum and maximum along with the parameter epsilon that is a measure of the solar wind driver. We find that self…
Solar irradiance is considered one of the main natural factors affecting terrestrial climate, and its variations are included in most numerical models estimating the effects of natural versus anthropogenic factors for climate change. Solar wind causing geomagnetic disturbances is another solar activity agent whose role in climate change is not yet fully estimated but is a subject of intense research. For the purposes of climate modeling, it is essential to evaluate both the past and the future variations of solar irradiance and geomagnetic activity which are ultimately due to the variations of…
As an important source for large geomagnetic storms, an "ICME-in-sheath" is a completely shocked interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) stuck in the sheath between a shock and host ejecta. Typical characteristics are identified from coordinated multi-sets of observations: (1) it is usually short in duration and lasts a few hours at 1 AU; (2) its solar wind parameters, in particular the magnetic field, seem to keep enhanced for a large range of distances; and (3) common ICME signatures are often lost. The host ejecta could be a single ICME or a complex ejecta, being fast enough to drive a …
An X1.7 flare at 10:15 UT and a halo CME with a projected speed of 942 km/s erupted from NOAA solar active region 9393 located at N20W19, were observed on 2001 March 29. When the CME reached the Earth, it triggered a super geomagnetic storm (hereafter super storm). We find that the CME always moved towards the Earth according to the intensity-time profiles of protons with different energies. The solar wind parameters responsible for the main phase of the super storm occurred on March 31, 2001 is analyzed taking into account the delayed geomagnetic effect of solar wind at the L1 point and using…
Forbush decrease (FD), discovered by Scott E. Forbush about 80 years ago, is reffered to as the non-repetitive short-term depression in galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux, presumed to be associated with large-scale perturbations in solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). It is the most spectacular variability in the GCR intensity which appear to be the compass for investigators seeking solar-terrestrial relationships. The method of selection and validation of FD events are very important to cosmic ray scientists. We have deployed a new computer software to determine the amplitude and t…
The most important parameter in the coupling between solar wind and geomagnetic activity is the $B_z$-component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). However, recent studies have shown that IMF $B_y$ is an additional, independent driver of geomagnetic activity. We use here local geomagnetic indices from a large network of magnetic stations to study how IMF $B_y$ affects geomagnetic activity at different latitudes for all solar wind and, separately during coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We show that geomagnetic activity, for all solar wind, is 20% stronger for $B_y>0$ than for $B_y<0$ at s…
We have performed an analysis of case events and statistics of positive ionospheric storms in the dayside region of the equatorial ionization anomaly during recurrent geomagnetic storms (RGSs), which dominate in geomagnetic and ionospheric conditions on the declining phase of solar activity in 2004 to 2008. It is shown that total electron content (TEC) has a tendency to minimize before the beginning of RGSs and to peak 3 to 4 days after, i.e. on the RGS recovery phase produced by high-intensity long-duration continuous auroral activity. The maximum of TEC coincides with the maximum of solar wi…
We show that there is a previously unreported quad-annual variation in the ~13.5 day component of the aa index of geomagnetic activity. We derive a model based on the planetary tidal effect at the solar surface due to Mercury and Jupiter that, when combined with an equinoctial response of the magnetosphere, predicts the times of occurrence of predominantly quad-annual variation or predominantly semi-annual variation in the ~13.5 day component of the aa index. In support of the model we show that, during years when the quad-annual variation in the ~13.5 day component of aa index is predominant …
On 5 April 2010 an interplanetary (IP) shock was detected by the Wind spacecraft ahead of Earth, followed by a fast (average speed 650 km/s) IP coronal mass ejection (ICME). During the subsequent moderate geomagnetic storm (minimum Dst = -72 nT, maximum Kp=8-), communication with the Galaxy 15 satellite was lost. We link images from STEREO/SECCHI to the near-Earth in situ observations and show that the ICME did not decelerate much between Sun and Earth. The ICME flank was responsible for a long storm growth phase. This type of glancing collision was for the first time directly observed with th…
Transient and recurrent solar activity drive geomagnetic disturbances; these are quantified (amongst others) by DST, AE indices time-series. Transient disturbances are related to the Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) while recurrent disturbances are related to corotating interaction regions (CIR). We study the relationship of the geomagnetic disturbances to the solar wind drivers within solar Cycle 23 where the drivers are represented by ICMEs and CIRs occurrence rate and compared to the DST and AE as follows: terms with common periodicity in both the geomagnetic disturbances and t…
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has proven to be very successful in forecasting variety of irregular magnetospheric/ionospheric processes like geomagnetic storms and substorms. SYMH and ASYH indices represent longitudinal symmetric and asymmetric component of the ring current. Here, an attempt is made to develop a prediction model for these indices using ANN. The ring current state depends on its past conditions therefore, it is necessary to consider its history for prediction. To account this effect Nonlinear Autoregressive Network with eXogenous inputs (NARX) is implemented. This network con…
Geomagnetic activity has two main peaks in the 11-year sunspot cycle caused by two types of solar agents: coronal mass ejections and high speed solar wind streams, whose variations in number and intensity are related to the variations in solar toroidal and poloidal fields, respectively. From the long-term variations in the lag between the two aa-index peaks we derive the long-term variations in solar meridional circulation. We use these relations to test the flux-transport solar dynamo theory and to explain some well known characteristics of the solar cycle. Based on these relations, we give a…
We use the am, an, as and the a-sigma geomagnetic indices to the explore a previously overlooked factor in magnetospheric electrodynamics, namely the inductive effect of diurnal motions of the Earth's magnetic poles toward and away from the Sun caused by Earth's rotation. Because the offset of the (eccentric dipole) geomagnetic pole from the rotational axis is roughly twice as large in the southern hemisphere compared to the northern, the effects there are predicted to be roughly twice the amplitude. Hemispheric differences have previously been discussed in terms of polar ionospheric conductiv…
Relativistic electron fluxes observed in geosynchronous orbit by GOES-8 in 1997 to 2000 were considered as a complex function of geomagnetic indices PC, Kp, and Dst as well as parameters of the magnetosphere size, subsolar Rs and terminator Rf magnetopause distances. A geosynchronous relativistic electron enhancement (GREE) is determined as daily maximal electron flux exceeding the upper root mean square deviation (RMSD) threshold of about 1500 (cm2s sr)-1. Comparison analysis of the GREE dynamics and geomagnetic conditions on the rising phase of current solar cycle revealed suppression of the…
The solar wind influence on geospace can be described as the sum of a directly driven component, or dayside reconnection, and an unloading component, associated with the release of magnetic energy via nightside reconnection. The two processes are poorly correlated on short time scales, but exactly equal when averaged over long time windows. Because of this peculiar property, regression models of ionospheric electrodynamics that are based on solar wind data are time scale specific: Models derived from 1 min resolution data will be different from models derived from hourly, daily, or monthly dat…
Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling, its causes and consequences have been studied for the last several decades. However, the assessment of continuously changing behaviour of the sun, plasma and field flows in the interplanetary space and their influence on geomagnetic activity is still a subject of intense research. Search for the best possible coupling function is also important for space weather prediction. We utilize four geomagnetic indices (ap, aa, AE and Dst) as parameters of geomagnetic activity level in the earth's magnetosphere. In addition to these indices, we utilize various solar wi…
Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) flux short-term variations ($<$1 month) in the inner heliosphere are mainly associated with the passage of high-speed solar wind streams (HSS) and interplanetary (IP) counterparts of coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). Data gathered with a particle detector flown on board the ESA LISA Pathfinder (LPF) spacecraft, during the declining part of the solar cycle 24 (February 2016 - July 2017) around the Lagrange point L1, have allowed to study the characteristics of recurrent cosmic-ray flux modulations above 70 MeV n$^{-1}$. %These modulations are observed when the solar wind…
Geomagnetic storms are an important aspect of space weather and can result in significant impacts on space- and ground-based assets. The majority of strong storms are associated with the passage of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the near-Earth environment. In many cases, these ICMEs can be traced back unambiguously to a specific coronal mass ejection (CME) and solar activity on the frontside of the Sun. Hence, predicting the arrival of ICMEs at Earth from routine observations of CMEs and solar activity currently makes a major contribution to the forecasting of geomagnetic sto…
The overall morphology and dynamics of magnetospheric substorms is well established in terms of the observed qualitative auroral features seen in ground-based magnetometers. This paper focuses on the quantitative characterization of substorm dynamics captured by ground-based magnetometer stations. We present the first analysis of substorms using dynamical networks obtained from the full available set of ground-based magnetometer observations in the Northern Hemisphere. The stations are connected in the network when the correlation between the vector magnetometer time series from pairs of stati…
The composition of ions plays a crucial role for the fundamental plasma properties in the terrestrial magnetosphere. We investigate the oxygen-to-hydrogen ratio in the near-Earth magnetosphere from -10 RE<XGSE}< 10 RE. The results are based on seven years of ion flux measurements in the energy range ~10 keV to ~955 keV from the RAPID and CIS instruments on board the Cluster satellites. We find that (1) hydrogen ions at ~10 keV show only a slight correlation with the geomagnetic conditions and interplanetary magnetic field changes. They are best correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure a…
The geomagnetic field (Bgeo) sets a lower cutoff rigidity (Rc) to the entry of cosmic particles to Earth which depends on the geomagnetic activity. From numerical simulations of the trajectory of a proton using different models for Bgeo (performed with the MAGCOS code), we use backtracking to analyze particles arriving at the location of two nodes of the net LAGO (Large Aperture Gamma ray burst Observatory) that will be built in the near future: Buenos Aires and Marambio (Antarctica), Argentina. We determine the asymptotic trajectories and the values of Rc for different incidence directions, f…
An accurate estimate of the energy budget (heating and cooling) of the ionosphere and thermosphere, especially during space weather events, has been a challenge. The abundance of Nitric Oxide (NO), a minor species in the thermosphere, is an important component of energy balance here because its production comes from energy sources able to break the strong bond of molecular nitrogen, and infrared emissions from NO play an important role in thermospheric cooling. Recent studies have significantly improved our understanding of NO chemistry and its relationship to energy deposition in the thermosp…
Total Electron Content (TEC) and electron density are the basic parameters, which determine the major properties of the Ionosphere. Detail study of the ionospheric TEC and electron density variations has been carried out during geomagnetic storms, with longitude and latitude, for four different locations: (24°W-14°W, 25°S-10°S); (53°W- 46°W, 04°N-14°N); (161°E-165°E, 42°S-34°S), and (135°W- 120°W, 39°S-35°S) using the COSMIC satellite data. In order to find the background conditions of the ionosphere, the solar wind parameters such as north-south component of inter planetary magnetic field (Bz…
