该研究使用 Potential learning 分析 OMNI 数据,发现南向 IMF 下太阳风速度仍是中高 Kp 的首要因素,但密度影响显著增强,并在中等活动以上开始调节 Kp。
摘要:
本研究利用一种新开发的机器学习技术,揭示了在南向 IMF(行星际磁场)时段内,由 Kp 指数(2- 至 5+,以及 6- 至 9)表示的中等和极强地磁活动水平与太阳风条件之间的关系。Potential learning(PL)是一种神经网络算法,它在训练过程中强调方差最高的输入参数,并基于一个称为“potentiality”的计算指标识别对输出影响最显著的参数。我们关注太阳风等离子体密度对中等地磁条件的依赖性。目前尚不清楚太阳风密度从地磁活动的哪个阶段开始控制 Kp 水平。此前,在南向 IMF 条件下,PL 在极低(0 至 1+)和高 Kp 范围内提取出太阳风速度为主要参数。在本研究中,来自 OMNI 数据库(1998—2019)、覆盖第 23 太阳活动周至第 25 太阳活动周早期的 IMF 三个分量、太阳风速度和等离子体密度被用作输入。PL 再次将太阳风速度选为中等和极高 Kp 下最显著的参数。然而,太阳风密度在这些范围内的 potentiality 比此前研究高出 3.5 倍,表明其对地磁活动的影响不可忽视。我们对所有 Kp 水平下用作 PL 输入的太阳风速度与等离子体密度之间的关系进行了统计研究。在中等以上 Kp 时,如果密度较大,即使在慢速太阳风条件下地磁状态也会变强,这表明不仅速度,密度也有显著贡献。这些 PL 和统计研究表明,在南向 IMF 条件下,太阳风密度从中等地磁活动以上开始调节 Kp。它们还有助于理解太阳风与地磁活动之间的关系,并预报各种 IMF 条件下的地磁活动。
英文摘要:
The relationship between moderate and extremely high levels of geomagnetic activity, represented by the Kp index (2- to 5+ and 6- to 9), and solar wind conditions during southward IMF intervals was revealed utilizing a newly developed machine learning technique. Potential learning (PL) is a neural network algorithm that emphasizes input parameters with the highest variance during training and identifies the most significant ones influencing the outputs based on a computed metric called "potentiality". We focus on the dependence of solar wind plasma density on moderate-geomagnetic conditions. It has been unclear from what stage of geomagnetic activity the solar wind density begins to control the Kp level. Previously, PL extracted solar wind velocity as the predominant parameter at extremely low (0 to 1+) and high-Kp ranges under southward IMF. In this study, the IMF three components, solar wind speed, and plasma density from the OMNI database (1998-2019), covering solar cycle 23 to early 25, were used as inputs. Again, PL selected solar wind velocity as the most significant parameter for moderate and extremely high Kp. The potentiality of solar wind density for these ranges was, however, 3.5 times higher than in the previous study, suggesting its impact on geomagnetic activity cannot be ignored. We statistically investigated the relation between solar wind speed and plasma density used as PL inputs under all Kp levels. Above moderate Kp, geomagnetic conditions become high even under slow solar wind if density is large, suggesting that not only velocity but also density contributes significantly. These PL and statistical investigations show that solar wind density begins to regulate Kp above moderate geomagnetic activity under southward IMF. They also help understand the relationship between solar wind and geomagnetic activity and forecast geomagnetic activity under various IMF conditions.
Comment on "A statistical comparison of solar wind sources of moderate and intense geomagnetic storms at solar minimum and maximum" by Zhang, J.-C., M. W. Liemohn, J. U. Kozyra, M. F. Thomsen, H. A. Elliott, and J. M. Weygand, JGR, 2006
Comparison of the Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Emission Observations and the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM) Simulations: Sensitivity to Solar and Geomagnetic Activities
Recurrent galactic cosmic-ray flux modulation in L1 and geomagnetic activity during the declining phase of the solar cycle 24
内日球层中银河宇宙线(GCR)通量的短期变化($<$ 1个月)主要与高速太阳风流(HSS)和行星际(IP)对应的日冕物质抛射(ICME)的通过有关。在第24太阳周期(2016年2月至2017年7月)拉格朗日点L1附近的下降部分,欧空局LISA探路者(LPF)航天器上飞行的粒子探测器收集的数据允许研究70 MeV n $^{-1}$以上的经常性宇宙射线通量调制的特征。%当太阳风速度为$>$ 400 km s $^{-1}$和/或IP磁场强度$>$ 10 nT时,观察到这些调制。结果表明,在HSS和ICME过境之前,单个调制的幅度和演化以独特的方式依赖于IP等离子体参数和粒子通量强度。通过将低通滤波器数据与国际空间站上的AMS-02磁谱仪实验同时收集的数据和地球极地中子监测器收集的数据进行比较,研究了在周期性短期变化期间不同能量下的GCR通量调制。其目的还在于确定近实时粒子观测要求,以理清GCR通量的长期和短期变化的作用,从而评价空间高灵敏度仪器的性能,如未来用于引力波探测的干涉仪。最后,讨论了2016-2017年L1周期性GCR通量变化观测与弱到中等地磁活动之间的关系。当IP磁场的B $_z$分量指向北方时,短期周期性GCR通量变化是周期性地磁活动的良好代表。
Predicting low-latitude ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) over the Indian sector under variable space weather conditions using solar wind parameters
Indian Institute of Geomagnetism(印度地磁研究所);School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University(贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁大学环境科学学院)
Tracking nonlinear solar-wind dynamics over three solar cycles using Wind observations
Instituto de Física del Noroeste Argentino, CONICET(阿根廷西北物理研究所,阿根廷国家科学研究委员会);Universidad Nacional de Tucumán(图库曼国立大学);Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán(图库曼国立大学理学院技术系物理系)