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arXiv 2409.07073physics.space-phphysics.comp-phphysics.data-anphysics.plasm-ph
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通过 Potential Learning 揭示太阳风等离子体密度对中等和极强地磁活动的依赖性

Dependence of the Solar Wind Plasma Density on Moderate- and Extremely High-Geomagnetic Activity Elucidated by Potential Learning

Ryozo Kitajima, Motoharu Nowada, Ryotaro Kamimura

AI总结:

该研究使用 Potential learning 分析 OMNI 数据,发现南向 IMF 下太阳风速度仍是中高 Kp 的首要因素,但密度影响显著增强,并在中等活动以上开始调节 Kp。

摘要:

本研究利用一种新开发的机器学习技术,揭示了在南向 IMF(行星际磁场)时段内,由 Kp 指数(2- 至 5+,以及 6- 至 9)表示的中等和极强地磁活动水平与太阳风条件之间的关系。Potential learning(PL)是一种神经网络算法,它在训练过程中强调方差最高的输入参数,并基于一个称为“potentiality”的计算指标识别对输出影响最显著的参数。我们关注太阳风等离子体密度对中等地磁条件的依赖性。目前尚不清楚太阳风密度从地磁活动的哪个阶段开始控制 Kp 水平。此前,在南向 IMF 条件下,PL 在极低(0 至 1+)和高 Kp 范围内提取出太阳风速度为主要参数。在本研究中,来自 OMNI 数据库(1998—2019)、覆盖第 23 太阳活动周至第 25 太阳活动周早期的 IMF 三个分量、太阳风速度和等离子体密度被用作输入。PL 再次将太阳风速度选为中等和极高 Kp 下最显著的参数。然而,太阳风密度在这些范围内的 potentiality 比此前研究高出 3.5 倍,表明其对地磁活动的影响不可忽视。我们对所有 Kp 水平下用作 PL 输入的太阳风速度与等离子体密度之间的关系进行了统计研究。在中等以上 Kp 时,如果密度较大,即使在慢速太阳风条件下地磁状态也会变强,这表明不仅速度,密度也有显著贡献。这些 PL 和统计研究表明,在南向 IMF 条件下,太阳风密度从中等地磁活动以上开始调节 Kp。它们还有助于理解太阳风与地磁活动之间的关系,并预报各种 IMF 条件下的地磁活动。

英文摘要:

The relationship between moderate and extremely high levels of geomagnetic activity, represented by the Kp index (2- to 5+ and 6- to 9), and solar wind conditions during southward IMF intervals was revealed utilizing a newly developed machine learning technique. Potential learning (PL) is a neural network algorithm that emphasizes input parameters with the highest variance during training and identifies the most significant ones influencing the outputs based on a computed metric called "potentiality". We focus on the dependence of solar wind plasma density on moderate-geomagnetic conditions. It has been unclear from what stage of geomagnetic activity the solar wind density begins to control the Kp level. Previously, PL extracted solar wind velocity as the predominant parameter at extremely low (0 to 1+) and high-Kp ranges under southward IMF. In this study, the IMF three components, solar wind speed, and plasma density from the OMNI database (1998-2019), covering solar cycle 23 to early 25, were used as inputs. Again, PL selected solar wind velocity as the most significant parameter for moderate and extremely high Kp. The potentiality of solar wind density for these ranges was, however, 3.5 times higher than in the previous study, suggesting its impact on geomagnetic activity cannot be ignored. We statistically investigated the relation between solar wind speed and plasma density used as PL inputs under all Kp levels. Above moderate Kp, geomagnetic conditions become high even under slow solar wind if density is large, suggesting that not only velocity but also density contributes significantly. These PL and statistical investigations show that solar wind density begins to regulate Kp above moderate geomagnetic activity under southward IMF. They also help understand the relationship between solar wind and geomagnetic activity and forecast geomagnetic activity under various IMF conditions.

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