对称群不保持纤维的常微分方程
ODEs whose symmetry groups are not fiber-preserving
AI总结:
本文利用李代数分类刻画了对称群不保持纤维的标量与系统常微分方程的全部例外情形,并揭示了活动标架法在欠定系统上的局限性。
摘要:
我们观察到,在共轭意义下,大多数对称高阶常微分方程(ODE)及常微分方程系统仅具有保持纤维的点对称。通过利用李对向量场李代数的分类,我们描述了标量常微分方程以及作用于一对函数的常微分方程系统中所有例外情形。对称代数不保持纤维的标量常微分方程可以通过绝对和相对标量微分不变量来表示,而对于常微分方程系统的类似描述则要求我们同时引入条件微分不变量和向量值相对不变量,以处理作用的奇异轨道。在研究作用的延拓时,我们观察到李代数的不同实现之间存在一些有趣的关系。我们还注意到,作用于一个微分方程上的有限维李代数的延拓可能永远不会成为自由的。一个发生此现象的欠定常微分方程系统的例子显示了活动标架法的局限性。
英文摘要:
We observe that, up to conjugation, a majority of symmetric higher order ODEs (ordinary differential equations) and ODE systems have only fiber-preserving point symmetries. By exploiting Lie's classification of Lie algebras of vector fields, we describe all the exceptions to this in the case of scalar ODEs and systems of ODEs on a pair of functions. The scalar ODEs whose symmetry algebra is not fiber preserving can be expressed via absolute and relative scalar differential invariants, while a similar description for ODE systems requires us to also invoke conditional differential invariants and vector-valued relative invariants to deal with singular orbits of the action. Investigating prolongations of the actions, we observe some interesting relations between different realizations of Lie algebras. We also note that it may happen that the prolongation of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra acting on a differential equation never becomes free. An example of an underdetermined ODE system for which this phenomenon occurs shows limitations of the method of moving frames.
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