We study the evolution of baryonic gas in cosmologically growing dark matter halos. To accurately model both the inner and outer regions of the halos, we use a dark matter density profile that transitions smoothly from the NFW profile within the virial radius to a more realistic flat profile far beyond the halo. We construct a dark matter gravitational potential consistent with this density profile, and we use a "cosmological" potential that accounts for gas evolution consistent with Hubble expansion at large radii. Gas is initialized with a density $\approx$ 0.2 times the dark matter density, consistent with the universal baryon fraction $ρ_{\rm g}/(ρ_{\rm g}+ρ_{\rm DM}) \approx 0.17$. We study the formation of the virial shock and evolution of the baryon fraction, including the effects of radiative cooling and AGN jet feedback. The feedback is powered by the accretion of cold gas onto a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The cores of the halo exhibit heating and cooling cycles, whose strength and duration depend on the feedback efficiency and the halo mass. The central SMBH initially grows exponentially with time in the early quasar phase, but the growth slows down at later times. The baryon fraction in the core decreases with increasing feedback efficiency and decreasing halo mass. While the halo outskirts evolve self-similarly, the core density is non-evolving, in agreement with cluster observations. We analyze the correlations between the properties of the gas and the central SMBH, and explore the existence of a fundamental plane.
Direct collapse within dark matter (DM) halos is a promising path to form supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds at high redshifts. The outer part of this collapse remains optically thin, and has been studied intensively using numerical simulations. However, the innermost region of the collapse is expected to become optically thick and requires us to follow the radiation field in order to understand its subsequent evolution. So far, the adiabatic approximation has been used exclusively for this purpose. We apply radiative transfer in the flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation to solve the ev…
We provide detailed comparison between the AMR code Enzo-2.4 and the SPH/N- body code GADGET-3 in the context of isolated or cosmological direct baryonic collapse within dark matter (DM) halos to form supermassive black holes. Gas flow is examined by following evolution of basic parameters of accretion flows. Both codes show an overall agreement in the general features of the collapse, however, many subtle differences exist. For isolated models, the codes increase their spatial and mass resolutions at different pace, which leads to substantially earlier collapse in SPH than in AMR cases due to…
Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are an inevitable consequence of galaxy mergers. At subparsec separations, they are practically impossible to resolve, and the most promising technique is to search for quasars with periodic variability. However, searches for quasar periodicity in time-domain data are challenging due to the stochastic variability of quasars. In this paper, we used Bayesian methods to disentangle periodic SMBHB signals from intrinsic damped random walk (DRW) variability in active galactic nuclei light curves. We simulated a wide variety of realistic DRW and DRW+sine lig…
We present a model for the evolution of supermassive protostars from their formation at $M_\star \simeq 0.1\,\text{M}_\odot$ until their growth to $M_\star \simeq 10^5\,\text{M}_\odot$. To calculate the initial properties of the object in the optically thick regime we follow two approaches: based on idealized thermodynamic considerations, and on a more detailed one-zone model. Both methods derive a similar value of $n_{\rm F} \simeq 2 \times 10^{17} \,\text{cm}^{-3}$ for the density of the object when opacity becomes important, i.e. the opacity limit. The subsequent evolution of the growing pr…
Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) in the 10 million to 10 billion $M_\odot$ range form in galaxy mergers, and live in galactic nuclei with large and poorly constrained concentrations of gas and stars. There are currently no observations of merging SMBHBs--- it is in fact possible that they stall at their final parsec of separation and never merge. While LIGO has detected high frequency GWs, SMBHBs emit GWs in the nanohertz to millihertz band. This is inaccessible to ground-based interferometers, but possible with Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). Using data from local galaxies in the 2 Micr…
The "direct collapse" scenario has emerged as a promising evolutionary track for the formation of supermassive black holes early in the Universe. In an idealized version of such a scenario, a uniformly rotating supermassive star spinning at the mass-shedding (Keplerian) limit collapses gravitationally after it reaches a critical configuration. Under the assumption that the gas is dominated by radiation pressure, this critical configuration is characterized by unique values of the dimensionless parameters $J/M^2$ and $R_p/M$, where $J$ is the angular momentum, $R_p$ the polar radius, and $M$ th…
Observations of high-redshift quasars imply the presence of supermassive black holes already at z~ 7.5. An appealing and promising pathway to their formation is the direct collapse scenario of a primordial gas in atomic-cooling haloes at z ~ 10 - 20, when the $\rm H_2$ formation is inhibited by a strong background radiation field, whose intensity exceeds a critical value, $J_{\rm crit}$. To estimate $J_{\rm crit}$, typically, studies have assumed idealized spectra, with a fixed ratio of $\rm H_{2}$ photo-dissociation rate $k_{\rm H_2}$ to the $\rm H^-$ photo-detachment rate $k_{\rm H^-}$. This…
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are ubiquitous in galaxies with a sizable mass. It is expected that a pair of SMBHs originally in the nuclei of two merging galaxies would form a binary and eventually coalesce via a burst of gravitational waves. So far theoretical models and simulations have been unable to predict directly the SMBH merger timescale from ab-initio galaxy formation theory, focusing only on limited phases of the orbital decay of SMBHs under idealized conditions of the galaxy hosts. The predicted SMBH merger timescales are long, of order Gyrs, which could be problematic for future…
We introduce a new model for the formation and evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the RAMSES code using sink particles, improving over previous work the treatment of gas accretion and dynamical evolution. This new model is tested against a suite of high-resolution simulations of an isolated, gas-rich, cooling halo. We study the effect of various feedback models on the SMBH growth and its dynamics within the galaxy. In runs without any feedback, the SMBH is trapped within a massive bulge and is therefore able to grow quickly, but only if the seed mass is chosen larger than the min…
Massive gas-rich galaxy discs at $z \sim 1-3$ host massive star-forming clumps with typical baryonic masses in the range $10^7-10^8$~M$_{\odot}$ which can affect the orbital decay and concurrent growth of supermassive black hole (BH) pairs. Using a set of high-resolution simulations of isolated clumpy galaxies hosting a pair of unequal-mass BHs, we study the interaction between massive clumps and a BH pair at kpc scales, during the early phase of the orbital decay. We find that both the interaction with massive clumps and the heating of the cold gas layer of the disc by BH feedback tend to del…
We present an analysis of the instantaneous supermassive black hole (SMBH) accretion rates in a collection of 1563 post-merger galaxies drawn from the IllustrisTNG simulation. Our sample consists of galaxies that have experienced a merger in the last simulation snapshot (within ~160 Myrs of coalescence) in the redshift range 0<z<1, with merger stellar mass ratios >1:10 and post-merger stellar masses > $10^{10} M_{\odot}$. We find that, on average, the accretion rates of the post-mergers are ~1.7 times higher than in a control sample and that post-mergers are 3-4 times more likely to experience…
We study gas inflows onto supermassive black holes using hydrodynamics simulations of isolated galaxies and idealized galaxy mergers with an explicit, multiphase interstellar medium (ISM). Our simulations use the recently developed ISM and stellar evolution model called Stars and MUltiphase Gas in GaLaxiEs (SMUGGLE). We implement a novel super-Lagrangian refinement scheme that increases the gas mass resolution in the immediate neighborhood of the black holes (BHs) to accurately resolve gas accretion. We do not include black hole feedback in our simulations. We find that the complex and turbule…
The evolution of main sequence binaries that reside in the Galactic Centre can be heavily influenced by the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). Due to these perturbative effects, the stellar binaries in dense environments are likely to experience mergers, collisions or ejections through secular and/or non-secular interactions. More direct interactions with the central SMBH are thought to produce hypervelocity stars (HVSs) and tidal disruption events (TDEs). In this paper, we use N-body simulations to study the dynamics of stellar binaries orbiting a central SMBH primary with an outer SMBH …
Cosmic voids, the under-dense regions of the cosmic web, are widely used to constrain cosmology. Voids contain few, isolated galaxies, presumably expected to be less evolved and preserving memory of the pristine Universe. We use the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Horizon-AGN coupled to the void finder {\sc \texttt{VIDE}} to investigate properties of galaxies in voids at z=0. We find that, closer to void centers, low-mass galaxies are more common than their massive counterparts. At fixed dark matter halo mass, they have smaller stellar masses than in denser regions. The star formation r…
Formation of galactic nuclei with multiple supermassive black holes at high redshifts
我们研究了由于星系在高红移时的高合并率而在贫气体星系核中形成的多个超大质量黑洞（SMBH）群。我们计算的相对可能性的二进制，三重和四重SMBH系统，考虑相关过程的时间尺度和合并树相结合的N-体模拟的恒星和SMBH在星系核的动态。现今典型的质量为$M_0\approx 10^{14}$ M $_\odot$的晕在$z\sim 6$处的平均质量为$M_{z=6}=5\times 10^{11}$ M $_\odot$，而当前质量为$M_0\gtrsim 10^{15}$ M $_\odot$的稀有晕在该红移处的平均质量为$M_{z=6}=5\times 10^{12}$ M $_\odot$。这些星系团大小的晕被认为是$z\sim 6$中单个星系的宿主。我们预计大约30%的星系中的晕与现今的质量$M_0\approx 10^{14}$ M $_\odot$包含两个以上的SMBH在红移$2\lesssim z\lesssim 6$。对于现今较大的晕，使用$M_0\gtrsim 10^{15}$ M $_\odot$，该分数几乎为60%。在高红移处存在多个SMBH可能解释在大质量椭圆星系的核心中观察到的质量不足，这些星系的质量是其中心BH的5倍。多个SMBH也会导致恒星的潮汐分裂率提高，与孤立的BH双星相比，修改了引力波信号，并以超过2000 km/s $^{-1}$的高速从星系中弹射SM…
The formation of supermassive black holes from Population III.1 seeds. IV. Self-regulated seeding from supermassive star ionizing feedback
Chalmers University of Technology（查尔姆斯理工大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；University of Modena & Reggio Emilia（摩德纳与雷焦艾米利亚大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Memphis（孟菲斯大学）；Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian（哈佛史密松天体物理中心）；Università degli Studi di Trieste（的里雅斯特大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste（意大利国家天体物理研究所的里雅斯特天文台）；INFN, Sezione di Trieste（意大利国家核物理研究所的里雅斯特分部）
We calculate cosmic distributions in space and time of the formation sites of the first, "Pop III.1" stars, exploring a model in which these are the progenitors of all supermassive black holes (SMBHs), seen in the centers of most large galaxies. Pop III.1 stars are defined to form from primordial composition gas in dark matter minihalos with $\sim10^6\:M_\odot$ that are isolated from neighboring astrophysical sources by a given isolation distance, $d_{\rm{iso}}$. We assume Pop III.1 sources are seeds of SMBHs, based on protostellar support by dark matter annihilation heating that allows them t…
Simulating supermassive black hole mass measurements for a sample of ultra massive galaxies using ELT/HARMONI high spatial resolution integral-field stellar kinematics
Within the mirror dark matter model and dissipative dark matter models in general, halos around galaxies with active star formation (including spirals and gas rich dwarfs) are dynamical: they expand and contract in response to heating and cooling processes. Ordinary Type II supernovae (SN) can provide the dominant heat source, possible if kinetic mixing interaction exists with strength $ε\sim 10^{-9} - 10^{-10}$. Dissipative dark matter halos can be modelled as a fluid governed by Euler's equations. Around sufficiently isolated and unperturbed galaxies the halo can relax to a steady state conf…
The Tantalizing Case of the Quasar J0950+5128 -- I. Presentation of the Data and Detailed Exploration of the Binary Supermassive Black Hole Scenario
Penn State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Fisk University（菲斯克大学）；Vanderbilt University（范德堡大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory（喷气推进实验室）
Mergers of galaxies are thought to cause significant gas inflows to the inner parsecs, which can activate rapid accretion onto supermassive black holes (SMBHs), giving rise to Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). During a significant fraction of this process, SMBHs are predicted to be enshrouded by gas and dust. Studying 52 galactic nuclei in infrared-selected local Luminous and Ultra-luminous infrared galaxies in different merger stages in the hard X-ray band, where radiation is less affected by absorption, we find that the amount of material around SMBHs increases during the last phases of the merg…
The Environmental Switch in Black Hole Feeding: Bar-Driven vs. Merger-Driven Growth in IllustrisTNG50
Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati（印度科学教育与研究学院提鲁帕蒂分校）；Department of Space, Platenary and Astronomical Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur（坎普尔印度理工学院空间、行星与天文学科学与工程系）
Active galactic nucleus driven jet feedback in cosmologically forming cool-core galaxy clusters I: The effect of hierarchical assembly on intra-cluster medium properties
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP)（波茨坦阿基米德天体物理研究所）；Niels Bohr Institute（尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Universität Potsdam（波茨坦大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理研究所）
The outstanding mass growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the Reionisation Epoch and how it is related to the concurrent growth of their host galaxies, poses challenges to theoretical models aimed at explaining how these systems formed in short timescales (<1 Gyr). To trace the average evolutionary paths of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) and their host galaxies in the BH mass-host mass ($M_{\rm dyn}$) plane, we compare the star formation rate (SFR), derived from the accurate estimate of the dust temperature and the dust mass ($T_{\rm dust}, M_{\rm dust}$), with the BH accretion rate. To…
There is mounting evidence that supermassive black holes form and grow in bulgeless galaxies. However, a robust determination of the fraction of AGNs in bulgeless galaxies, an important constraint to models of supermassive black hole seed formation and merger-free models of AGN fueling, is unknown, since optical studies have been shown to be incomplete for low mass AGNs. In a recent study using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we discovered hundreds of bulgeless galaxies that display mid-infrared signatures of extremely hot dust suggestive of powerful accreting massive black holes, des…
Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates. Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147 and 225 GHz in PKS 2131$-$021 and PKS J0805$-$0111
David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Specola Vaticana (Vatican Observatory)（梵蒂冈天文台）；Kavli Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学）；Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University（北京大学物理学院天文学系）；Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw（华沙大学）；Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas（希腊研究与技术基金会）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Pr（普林斯顿大学）
A promising supermassive black hole seed formation channel is that of direct collapse from primordial gas clouds. We perform a suite of 3D hydrodynamics simulations of an isolated turbulent gas cloud to investigate conditions conducive to forming massive black hole seeds via direct collapse, probing the impact of cloud metallicity, gas temperature floor and cooling physics on cloud fragmentation. We find there is no threshold in metallicity which produces a sharp drop in fragmentation. When molecular cooling is not present, metallicity has little effect on fragmentation. When molecular cooling…
High-resolution simulations of supermassive black holes in isolated galaxies have suggested the importance of short (~10 Myr) episodes of rapid accretion caused by interactions between the black hole and massive dense clouds within the host. Accretion of such clouds could potentially provide the dominant source for black hole growth in high-z galaxies, but it remains unresolved in cosmological simulations. Using a stochastic subgrid model calibrated by high-resolution isolated galaxy simulations, we investigate the impact that variability in black hole accretion rates has on black hole growth …
Cosmological simulations almost invariably estimate the accretion of gas on to supermassive black holes using a Bondi-Hoyle-like prescription. Doing so ignores the effects of the angular momentum of the gas, which may prevent or significantly delay accreting material falling directly on to the black hole. We outline a black hole accretion rate prescription using a modified Bondi-Hoyle formulation that takes into account the angular momentum of the surrounding gas. Meaningful implementation of this modified Bondi-Hoyle formulation is only possible when the inner vorticity distribution is well r…
Young stars typically form in star clusters, so the supernovae (SNe) they produce are clustered in space and time. This clustering of SNe may alter the momentum per SN deposited in the interstellar medium (ISM) by affecting the local ISM density, which in turn affects the cooling rate. We study the effect of multiple SNe using idealized 1D hydrodynamic simulations which explore a large parameter space of the number of SNe, and the background gas density and metallicity. The results are provided as a table and an analytic fitting formula. We find that for clusters with up to ~100 SNe the asympt…
Stone Skipping Black Holes in Ultralight Dark Matter Solitons
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Georg-August-Universität Göttingen（哥廷根大学）；Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics（理论物理珀米特研究所）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；University of Auckland（奥克兰大学）
Previous studies have shown that dark matter deficient galaxies (DMDG) such as NGC1052-DF2 (hereafter DF2) can result from tidal stripping. An important question, though, is whether such a stripping scenario can explain DF2's large specific frequency of globular clusters (GCs). After all, tidal stripping and shocking preferentially remove matter from the outskirts. We examine this using idealized, high-resolution simulations of a regular dark matter dominated galaxy that is accreted onto a massive halo. As long as the initial (pre-infall) dark matter halo of the satellite is cored, which is co…
