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arXiv 1801.08545astro-ph.GA
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通过辐射转移直接坍缩成超大质量黑洞:孤立晕

Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos

Yang Luo, Kazem Ardaneh, Isaac Shlosman, Kentaro Nagamine, John Wise, Mitchell Begelman

摘要:

暗物质晕内的直接坍缩是形成高红移超大质量黑洞种子的一条有效途径。这种坍缩的外部仍然是光学薄的,并且已经使用数值模拟进行了深入的研究。然而,坍缩的最内部区域预计会变得光学厚,需要我们跟踪辐射场,以了解其随后的演变。到目前为止,绝热近似仅用于此目的。我们应用辐射转移在通量限制扩散(FLD)近似解决耦合气体和辐射的演化,孤立的晕。对于孤立DM晕内的直接坍缩,我们发现:(1)光球在~10^{-6} pc时形成并迅速向外膨胀。(2)一个中央核心的形式,与质量的~1钼,支持热气体压力梯度和旋转。(3)(4)这一过程伴随着强烈的各向异性外流,另一个核在附近形成并迅速生长。(5)从这些核心周围的光球层发出的典型辐射光度约为5 x 10^{37}-5 x 10^{38}尔格/秒,与爱丁顿光度相当。(6)这一过程有两个变率时间尺度:一个是长变率,与中心~10^{-4}-10 ^{-3} pc的吸积流有关;另一个变率时间尺度为~0.1年,与辐射扩散有关。(7)绝热模型已经运行的比较和他们的演变深刻不同的FLD模型,通过形成一个中心的几何厚盘。总的来说,绝热状态方程不是直接坍缩高级阶段的良好近似,主要是因为FLD中的辐射能够由于光学深度和相关梯度的各向异性而逃逸。

英文摘要:

Direct collapse within dark matter (DM) halos is a promising path to form supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds at high redshifts. The outer part of this collapse remains optically thin, and has been studied intensively using numerical simulations. However, the innermost region of the collapse is expected to become optically thick and requires us to follow the radiation field in order to understand its subsequent evolution. So far, the adiabatic approximation has been used exclusively for this purpose. We apply radiative transfer in the flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation to solve the evolution of coupled gas and radiation, for isolated halos. For direct collapse within isolated DM halos, we find that (1) the photosphere forms at ~10^{-6} pc and rapidly expands outward. (2) A central core forms, with a mass of ~1 Mo, supported by thermal gas pressure gradients and rotation. (3) Growing thermal gas and radiation pressure gradients dissolve it. (4) This process is associated with a strong anisotropic outflow, and another core forms nearby and grows rapidly. (5) Typical radiation luminosity emerging from the photosphere encompassing these cores is ~5 x 10^{37}-5 x 10^{38} erg/s, of order the Eddington luminosity. (6) Two variability timescales are associated with this process: a long one, which is related to the accretion flow within the central ~10^{-4}-10^{-3} pc, and ~0.1 yr, which is related to radiation diffusion. (7) Adiabatic models have been run for comparison and their evolution differs profoundly from that of the FLD models, by forming a central geometrically-thick disk. Overall, an adiabatic equation of state is not a good approximation to the advanced stage of direct collapse, mainly because the radiation in the FLD is capable of escaping due to anisotropy in the optical depth and associated gradients.

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