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arXiv 2106.08262astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE
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前主序星的X射线超级耀斑:耀斑模型

X-ray Super-Flares From Pre-Main Sequence Stars: Flare Modeling

Konstantin V. Getman, Eric D. Feigelson, Gordon P. Garmire

摘要:

Getman等人(2021年)报告了在$Chandra$ MYStIX和SFiNC巡天中发现的主序前(PMS)恒星的$>1000$ X射线超级耀斑的发现、能量学、频率和对周围环境的影响,其X射线能量为$E_X \sim 10^{34}-10^{38}$ ~erg。在这里,我们进行详细的等离子体演化建模的$55$明亮的MYStIX/SFiNC超耀斑从这些事件。它们构成了以统一方式分析的最强大的恒星耀斑的大样本。它们与已发表的来自猎户座星云团年轻恒星、较老的活跃恒星和太阳的X射线超级耀斑进行了比较。出现了若干结果。首先,PMS X射线超级耀斑的性质是独立的存在或不存在的原行星盘推断从红外测光,支持太阳型模型的PMS耀斑磁环与两个脚点锚定在恒星表面。其次,大多数PMS超级耀斑类似于与日冕物质抛射相关的太阳长持续事件(LDE)。缓慢上升的PMS超级耀斑是一个有趣的例外。第三,超级耀斑峰值发射测量和等离子体温度与恒星质量的强相关性类似于由许多较小耀斑组成的PMS X射线发射的相关性。第四,环几何的一个新的相关性与恒星质量有关;更大质量的恒星似乎有更厚的耀斑环。最后,在PMS超级耀斑中,各种太阳-恒星磁性元素的X射线光度和磁通量之间长期存在的关系的斜率似乎比太阳事件更陡。

英文摘要:

Getman et al. (2021) reports the discovery, energetics, frequencies, and effects on environs of $>1000$ X-ray super-flares with X-ray energies $E_X \sim 10^{34}-10^{38}$~erg from pre-main sequence (PMS) stars identified in the $Chandra$ MYStIX and SFiNCs surveys. Here we perform detailed plasma evolution modeling of $55$ bright MYStIX/SFiNCs super-flares from these events. They constitute a large sample of the most powerful stellar flares analyzed in a uniform fashion. They are compared with published X-ray super-flares from young stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster, older active stars, and the Sun. Several results emerge. First, the properties of PMS X-ray super-flares are independent of the presence or absence of protoplanetary disks inferred from infrared photometry, supporting the solar-type model of PMS flaring magnetic loops with both footpoints anchored in the stellar surface. Second, most PMS super-flares resemble solar long duration events (LDEs) that are associated with coronal mass ejections. Slow rise PMS super-flares are an interesting exception. Third, strong correlations of super-flare peak emission measure and plasma temperature with the stellar mass are similar to established correlations for the PMS X-ray emission composed of numerous smaller flares. Fourth, a new correlation of loop geometry is linked to stellar mass; more massive stars appear to have thicker flaring loops. Finally, the slope of a long-standing relationship between the X-ray luminosity and magnetic flux of various solar-stellar magnetic elements appears steeper in PMS super-flares than for solar events.

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